Research Project for Earthworms in Earthworm- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theResearch Project for Earthworms in Earthworm Farming. Answer: Feasibility of reusing coffee powder waste as feed for earthworms in earthworm farming The most significant issues encountered by todays world are the ability to manage waste that is affecting the public health and the environment. As commented by Murthy Naidu (2012), coffee powder is the most widely produced waste that is produced on a daily basis. This is because of an increased rate of coffee consumption among the population in Singapore. It is estimated that there are hundreds of coffee shops around Singapore that produce an average of 15 kg coffee waste daily. Therefore, tonnes of coffee powders are wasted per month in Singapore. Using natural fertilizers for the crops is essential to promote growth and level of nutrition within them. Disposing of the coffee powder in the natural environment adversely affects the public health and environment. Therefore, it is feasible to reuse the coffee powder waste for vermin composting, as worms enjoy similar food habits as humans (Pathma Sakthivel, 2012). As mentioned by Yuan (2016), worms recycle the coffee powders into nutrients for the plants. Regular composting produces healthy food for the plants whereas compost by the earthworms helps in enriching the compost even more. After feeding on the coffee powders, the earthworms excrete castings that help in providing sufficient nutrients to the garden. Coffee powders help in attracting worms similarly as traditional composting piles used to do. The coffee powders are considered as a tasty addition to the products that are used for compost production. Thus, coffee powder helps in digestion for the earthworms while vermin composting. An adequate amount of coffee powder needs to be added while compost production because an excessive amount of coffee powder makes the compost acidic. The best environment for the worms ranges from 6.0-8.0. Excessive acidic nature of the bed can burn the skin of the worms thereby, hampering the compost formation (Makkar et al. 2014). The research suggests that the use of coffee powder helps in enriching the property of the compost used for agriculture. However, the feasibility of reusing the coffee powder needs attention, as a huge amount of coffee powder is produced as waste daily in Singapore. The practicality of the objective is presented by SMART objective below: Specific- The objective is specific because reusing the coffee powder waste will enhance the quality of the compost used for agriculture. Enriched quality of the vermin compost will help in better plant growth, as the plants will have access to better nutritional values. Additionally, reusing the wasted coffee powders will also help in decreasing the adverse environmental impact. Therefore, the reusing coffee powder will help in mitigating the adverse environmental impact and enhancing the quality of crops. Measurable- The objective is measurable because the use of the amount of waste coffee powder in Singapore can be compared between the past and the present. Comparing the amount of coffee powder used in vermin compost in the past and in the present will give an idea of the feasibility of reusing the waste for earthworm culture. Tools such as SQL data compare and various statistical tools can measure the data (Sanchez-Hernandez Dominguez, 2017). Additionally, studying the reports of the company that uses coffee powder as vermin compost will help in measuring the feasibility. Attainable- The objective is attainable because successful completion of the objective contributes largely to the environment and the agricultural field in Singapore. The practicality of the objective will help in reducing the environmental pollution caused by general disposal of coffee powder. Realistic- The objective is realistic because it is appropriate for the caffeine industry as well as the environment. Judging the feasibility of reusing coffee powder will help in evaluating the available resources that can be used in attaining the objectives. It has to be seen whether there are sufficient and adequate resources available in Singapore that can be used for collecting the daily coffee powder waste. This will provide an overall idea of the amount of coffee powder that is used in vermin compost thereby, enriching the quality of the compost (Chen et al., 2015). Time-specific- The objective is time specific because reusing the wasted coffee powder 1 month of the collection will increase the feasibility of the objective. Therefore, the wasted coffee powder produced daily needs to be utilized within 1 month of collection by the compost producing companies. Time Frame Activities 1st week Collecting the coffee powder waste 2nd week Mixing the coffee powder with other composts and creating the bed for the earthworms 3rd week Wait for the earthworms to use the coffee waste 4th week Production of enriched compost through vermin compost References Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q., Xu, L., Li, R., Luo, X., ... Tong, J. (2015). Earthworms modify microbial community structure and accelerate maize stover decomposition during vermicomposting. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(21), 17161-17170. Makkar, H. P., Tran, G., Heuz, V., Ankers, P. (2014). State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 197, 1-33. Murthy, P. S., Naidu, M. M. (2012). Sustainable management of coffee industry by-products and value additionA review. Resources, Conservation and recycling, 66, 45-58. Pathma, J., Sakthivel, N. (2012). Microbial diversity of vermicompost bacteria that exhibit useful agricultural traits and waste management potential. SpringerPlus, 1(1), 26. Sanchez-Hernandez, J. C., Domnguez, J. (2017). Vermicompost derived from spent coffee grounds: assessing the potential for enzymatic bioremediation. Yuan, Y. (2016). Vermicomposting, waste recycling and plant growth (Doctoral dissertation, Lincoln University).

Obtaining Remedy Element Of Actual Damage †Myassignmentrhelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Obtaining Remedy Element Of Actual Damage? Answer: Introduction This report revolves around the negligence case of Hackshaw VS Shaw. In this case, there is a tort of negligence. Tort means any wrong act by one party to another which gives rise to an illegal act or which results in an injury to the plaintiff. Basically, tort is based on breach of duty. Because of this illegal act, a civil action of a court of law occurs against the party who has committed wrong act. The major elements of tort of negligence includes: element of fault, element of obtaining remedy and element of actual damage. Element of fault arises when the plaintiff have the evidence that the party has done a tort act. In the element of obtaining remedy, the law of tort is about giving compensation to the plaintiff rather than punishing the person responsible for the tort (Barnett and Harder, 2014). The element of actual damage is related to the evidence that the plaintiff have to prove that the injury has taken place because of the tort act. This report explains the facts of the case, the issues raised by both the parties, the arguments made by the plaintiff and the defender and the judgement given by the court. The report is in the favour of plaintiff and includes a proper analysis of why the plaintiff is stronger than the defender. If a case is having these four elements then it comes under negligence case. This report also describes the evidences showed by the plaintiff to win the case. The elements are breach of duty, actual harm, duty of care and casual connection. This case has all these elements so it is a negligence case (Goudkamp and Plunkett, 2017). The visitors can be categorised as licensees, trespasser, contractual, invitees and entrants with a right. This case is related to the trespasser visitor. Elements of the tort include: Shaw was acquiring a farm for storing the petrol. The petrol was stored for farming machinery. But once at night, the petrol was being stolen. Shaw decided to find out who was stealing the petrol. Another night, Shaw was waiting near the petrol tank to see who was stealing the petrol. Suddenly, one Cox drove into Shaws farm and the headlights of the car were turned off. Hackshaw was in a stolen motor vehicle with Cox. When the Cox started stealing the petrol, two warning shots were fired by Shaw at the car because thief is standing next to the car and Hackshaw get injured by the shots as she was sitting at the front seat of the car. Later, Shaw accepted that he was unaware about Hackshaw that she was in the car. But Hackshaw wants to sue him for the injury done to her and demanding compensation for the injury. Here, the plaintiff was a trespasser. Trespasser means an intentional act by the defender to injure the plaintiff (Loughnan, 2017). The elements of trespass include no lawful justification, intentional fault and injury caused to the plaintiff. Issues Raised by plaintiff: The defendant has breached the duty of care towards the plaintiff. Though the defendant is the owner of the land but it is his responsibility to follow the duty of care. Due to the irresponsibility of the defendant towards the duty of care, the plaintiff is being injured. Shaw does not have any right to injure Hackshaw because of the reason that she has entered in his property without permission. Did the defendant breach the duty of care? In the given case, is the defender responsible for providing the duty to give safety measures to the people in his property? Did the defender know that a person other than Cox was sitting in the car? Raised by defendant: According to the defendant, it is the mistake of the plaintiff that she entered in the property of the defendant without his permission. Shaw accepted that he did not know about the fact that plaintiff was sitting in the car (Dyson, 2015). Another issue raised by the defendant is that the plaintiff was responsible for her safety. The plaintiff was involved in the criminal act at the time of injury. Arguments In this case it was argued by the plaintiff that the defender owes a duty of care against the plaintiff that his rifle did not injure the plaintiff. It was also argued by Hackshaw that Shaw was aware about the fact that Hackshaw was sitting on the front seat still he started firing on the car without thinking about the injury that could be done to Hackshaw due to his rifle (Cane, 2017). But Shaw denied this argument. The law does not allow any person to shoot the other person who has entered his or her property without taking his or her permission. Another argument is related to restriction on the use of excessive force by the land owner. The defendant argued that he fired on the engine of the car. If the defendant was aware that someone other than Cox was in the car, was he guilty of the negligence done by him? Can a trespasser can sue the owner of the property if the trespasser becomes injured on his or her property. Judgement of the court The court made the decision in favour of the plaintiff. As it is the liability of the occupier and as per the duty of care, the occupier is responsible for the security of any person which has entered his property. So, Shaw has to shoot in such a way that it could not harm anyone (Walmsley, et al., 2015). For the negligence of the passenger sitting in the car, the farmer was held responsible. The defender is defending himself by the statement that he was not aware whether someone is there inside the car but according to the court it is his duty to take due care while shooting. Shooting at the car leads to the danger of injuring a person in the vehicle, which would have been reasonably foreseen by the farmer. According to the High court of Australia, if a land owner injures a thief by using unreasonable force then the land owner is liable for the injury done to the thief and the land owner is also responsible to provide compensation to the thief for the injury done to him or her. As p er the rules of court, the use of rifle was considered as excessive force and it increases the risk of injury to the plaintiff. The court gave the decision that Shaw has to provide compensation to the plaintiff for the mistake done by Mr. Shaw whether intentionally or negligently (Ryan, 2017). Critical analysis The report is in the favour of plaintiff i.e. Miss. Hackshaw. She is the girlfriend of the thief according to the case. The judgement of the court was in favour of plaintiff because the plaintiff was having all the evidences that proved this case as a case of negligence (Quill and Friel, 2016). First point to be considered is the breach of the duty of care. It is duty of the defender to make sure that nobody is sitting in the car before shooting. The defenders main target is the thief next to car but he has injured an innocent person negligently. The plaintiff won the case because her case is stronger than the defender because she gets injured because of the defender which proves his carelessness in performing the duty of care (Bartlett, 2017). Hackshaw had contributed to the injury by illegally entering Shaws property. The court also considers the risk of injury to the plaintiff whether the risk is less, medium or high and also the age of the plaintiff. Here, the risk of injury is h igh and the age of the plaintiff was just 17 years. The defendant owed a duty of care under the principles of negligence to the plaintiff. Shaw does not have the power to harm the person entering to his property without taking his permission. If any person is on the land of the occupier as trespasser, then the occupier does not have the right to give rise to the foreseeable risk of proximity. Duty from being owed cannot be prevented by the engagement of plaintiff in the illegal act at the time of injury (Fulbrook, 2017).Another critical point is that the trespasser only needs an evidence of the injury or damage rather than the actual damage. The main idea behind the compensation taken in case of tort is placing the defender in the same position at which he was before the commitment of the tort. The plaintiff gave the evidence that she was not aware about the theft and she did not know why Cox turned off the lights and she also did not know that the car was stolen. The plaintiff succ eeds in the case only because of trespass (Foley and Christensen, 2016). The occupiers liability act, 1954 has imposed a duty of care upon the occupier of land. But here in this case, the visitor came to harm the defender so in such a case also the occupier is not allowed to use excessive force to save his or her property. The occupier has the following duties towards the trespasser: risks of which the occupier has reasonable grounds to believe that they exist and he has reasonable grounds to believe that the trespasser is in the vicinity of the risks. Once the plaintiff has proved that the defendant was in breach of his duty towards her as per the Occupiers' Liability Act, she must go on to prove the facts and the damage done to her (Roy and Marsoof, 2017).After analysing the argument that can a trespasser can sue the property owner if he or she gets injured in his property then as per the analysis, the trespasser has the right to sue the property owner for the breach of the duty o f care. Law applicable to negligence Western Australia Civil Liability Act 2002 (WA) Victoria Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic) Australian Capital Territory Civil Liability Act 2002 (ACT) South Australia Civil Liability Act 2002 (SA) Queensland Civil Liability Act 2002 (QLD) Tasmania Civil Liability Act 2002 (Tas) New South Wales Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) Conclusion This report is prepared in the favour of plaintiff and the court has given the judgement in favour of plaintiff because the plaintiff disclosed all the evidences which proved that this is the case of negligence. The case is related to negligence and tort. The defendant has injured the plaintiff unintentionally in this case. It was the case of tort not crime because the main objective in case of crime is punishment and in case of tort is compensation. This case is related to compensation so it is a tort. The plaintiff is demanding compensation from the defender for the loss done by him. After taking into account all the issues and arguments done by both the parties i.e. defender and plaintiff, the court has given the judgement in the favour of plaintiff. The plaintiff is having the evidence of her injury and some other evidences related to the case which proves that the defender breached the duty of care and the court said that the land owner is having the duty of care towards any per son who has entered his land. According to the court, the landowner is also not required to use excessive force that can be harmful for others. At the end of the case, Shaw has to pay the compensation amount to the plaintiff and the compensation amount is equal to the amount of the loss done to the plaintiff. At the end, it is concluded that for any tort of negligence to visitors, the owner of the land should be liable for the injury done to the visitor. Even if the visitor entered the property without taking permission, the occupier owes duty of care towards him. References Barnett, K. and Harder, S. (2014) Remedies in Australian Private Law. England: Cambridge University Press. Bartlett, F. (2017) Making lawyers pay for malpractice in court: skirting advocates immunity in Australia, International Journal of the Legal Profession, 24(2), pp.109-123. Cane, P. (2017) Key Ideas in Tort Law. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Dyson, M. (2015) Comparing Tort and Crime: Learning from across and within Legal Systems. UK: Cambridge University Press. Foley, M. and Christensen, M. (2016) Negligence and the Duty of Care: A Case Study Discussion, Singapore Nursing Journal, 43(1). Fulbrook, J. (2017) Outdoor activities, negligence and the law. UK: Routledge. Goudkamp, J. and Plunkett, J. (2017) Vicarious liability in Australia: on the move, Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal, pp.1-9. Loughnan, A. (2017) The Very Foundations of Any System of Criminal Justice: Criminal Responsibility in the Australian Model Criminal Code, International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 6(3), pp.8-24. Quill, E. and Friel, R. (2016) Damages and Compensation Culture: Comparative Perspectives. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Roy, A. and Marsoof, A. (2017) Negligent omissions as a basis for holding internet intermediaries liable for infringements of trade mark rights: approaches under the English common law,Intellectual Property Quarterly, 1, pp.52-77. Ryan, D. (2017) FROM OPPORTUNITY TO OCCASION: VICARIOUS LIABILITY IN THE HIGH COURT OF AUSTRALIA, The Cambridge Law Journal, 76(1), pp.14-18. Walmsley, S., Abadee, A., Zipser, B., and Sirtes, G. (2015) Professional Liability in Australia. Australia: Thomson Reuters.

Legt free essay sample

On completion of this week in you should be able to: Explain what is ‘unconscionable conduct’ within the meaning of the ACL Explain what is meant by ‘misleading or deceptive conduct’ in s 18, ACL and identify different types of conduct that might be misleading or deceptive Identify the different types of false representations set out in s 29, ACL Identify defences available for breaches of the consumer protection provisions Suggest possible remedies for breaches of the consumer protection provisions Explain what the law says about ‘no refund’ signs Sale of Goods/Product Liability Please note – in this unit we are NOT DEALING with: †¢ Sale of Goods †¢ Product Liability Therefore the following paragraphs in Latimer are NOT RELEVANT:  ¶7-011 to  ¶7-215 3 4 Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) †¢ As discussed last week, the Competition and Consumer Act (‘CCA’) is a federal/Commonwealth statute that: Regulates ‘RESTRICTIVE TRADE’ practices to produce greater competition and efficiency in the market for the benefit of consumers; and Protects the interests of consumers of goods, services and land against ‘UNFAIR PRACTICES’ †¢ Prior to 1 January 2011, the CCA was known as the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) Australian Consumer Law (ACL) †¢ Consumer law and ‘unfair practices’ dealt with by the Australian Consumer Law †¢ Australia Consumer Law (ACL) is Schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) †¢ In this course we will focus on the following types of conduct: ss 20-22: unconscionable conduct s 18: misleading or deceptive conduct s 29: false representations 5 The Regulator Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) †¢ Regulator responsible for administering the CCA †¢ Primary responsibility: to ensure individuals and businesses comply with Commonwealth consumer protection, fair trading and competition/trade practices laws †¢ Until 1995, was the Trade Practices Commission (TPC) †¢ Also see http://www. We will write a custom essay sample on Legt or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page accc. gov. au Australian Consumer Law (ACL) Who is a â€Å"consumer†? See Latimer at  ¶7-012 †¢ Supply of goods or services †¢ Cost less than $40K: s3(1)(a) †¢ Cost more than $40K and are â€Å"of a kind ordinarily acquired for personal, domestic or household use or consumption: s3(1)(b) 8 Australian Consumer Law (ACL) Note: The ACL implies non-excludable consumer guarantees for the supply of goods and services to â€Å"consumers†: to be discussed later Australian Consumer Law (ACL) Who is a â€Å"consumer†? See Latimer at  ¶7-012 †¢ Purchase of goods by a business will be a consumer contract if: goods are personal, domestic or household goods AND not used up in business (eg for re-supply or in the process of manufacture etc) Australian Consumer Law (ACL) †¢ Who is a â€Å"consumer†? See Latimer at  ¶7-012 †¢ Section 3 asks: whether goods are acquired to be used or consumed (a consumer transaction) OR whether goods are to be used up in a business (a non-consumer transaction) Unconscionable conduct †¢ The unconscionability provisions provide consumers (and small business) with protection from unconscionable (unfair) conduct 12 Unconscionable conduct †¢ Where one party to a transaction is at a disadvantage, because of: age sickness illiteracy financial needs lack of explanation when required language (i. e. on-English speaking) and the other party takes advantage of this for gain Unconscionable conduct Amadio’s case: The plaintiff has to establish: †¢ They were in a position of ‘special disadvantage’ †¢ That substantially affected their ability to protect themselves †¢ The defendant knew, or ought to have known, of the plaintiff’s disability and not taken advantage of it AND †¢ Actions of defendant wer e unconscionable 13 Unconscionable conduct †¢ Section 20 (ACL): defines unconscionability in general terms â€Å"A person must not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct that is unconscionable†¦. Applies the common law principles from Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio to business disputes Unconscionable conduct †¢ Section 22 Relative bargaining positions of the parties Did the consumer have to comply with conditions that were not reasonably necessary? Did the consumer understand the documentation? Was there any undue influence, pressure or unfair tactics? Could the consumer have obtained the same goods or services elsewhere †¢ Section 21: prohibits statutory unconscionability in connection with the supply or acquisition of goods or services †¢ Section 22: statutory checklist (see next slide) 15 See Latimer at  ¶5-756) 16 Misleading or deceptive conduct †¢ Section 18 (ACL): ‘A person shall not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct that is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive’ Misleading or deceptive conduct †¢ Section 18 (formerly, s 52): most sued on piece of legislation in Australia †¢ Not restricted in its usage to consumers and can be equally enforced by competitors or suppliers against other competitors or suppliers Section 18 was formerly s 52 of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) 17 18 Misleading or deceptive conduct and the Financial Services Industry †¢ Misleading or deceptive conduct, misrepresentation and unconscionable conduct in relation to financial services are caught by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 and looked after by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) See Latimer at  ¶7-240 Misleading or deceptive conduct prohibited Section 18 is made up of the following elements: Conduct by a person In the activity of supplying goods or services in trade or commerce; and Who has engaged in misleading or deceptive conduct or conduct that is likely to mislead or deceive 19 20 What is misleading or deceptive? †¢ Conduct is misleading if it will: lead a consumer astray in action or conduct or lead a consumer into making an error Conduct is deceptive if it leads people to believe what is false, if it misleads as to a matter of fact: Weitmann v Katies Ltd, see Latimer at  ¶7-250 The test = question of fact to be determined in context of evidence/facts of each case 21 What is misleading or deceptive? †¢ Courts have formulated the test that a statement is misleading if: it would lead one ordinary member of the public, who is likely to read the statement or be influenced by it into error Case: Taco Company of Australia Inc v Taco Bell Pty Ltd See Latimer at  ¶7-250 †¢ †¢ 22 Relevant section of the public †¢ Who is likely to be misled or deceived by the conduct in question? †¢ Need to identify the class of persons who are prospective purchasers and who are likely to be affected by the conduct †¢ Ask: At whom was the conduct directed? Would those persons have been likely to be led into error by the conduct? Case: Taco Company of Australia Inc v Taco Bell Pty Ltd See Latimer at  ¶7-250 23 Relevant section of the public †¢ Once relevant section of public identified, consider all who come within it †¢ .. the astute and the gullible, the intelligent and the not so intelligent, the well-educated as well as the poorly educated, men and women of various ages pursuing a variety of vocations†¦. Case: Taco Company of Australia Inc v Taco Bell Pty Ltd See Latimer at  ¶7-250 4 What is misleading or deceptive? Whether conduct is misleading or deceptive is determined by the court using an objective test of: ‘†¦whether a reasonable person would be misled or deceived. ’ Standard for assessing conduct The standard should be set by reference to that section of the public who is exposed or potentially exposed to the relevant conduct 25 26 Likely to mislead or deceive †¢ Not necessary to pro ve that anyone was actually misled †¢ Need real possibility or not remote chance that someone might be misled Misleading/deceptive conduct What is ‘conduct’? †¢ Conduct has a broad meaning and includes: Statements of Opinion Broken promises and false predictions Statements that are literally true but which create a false impression Pre-contractual statements Silence BUT: puffery or self-evident exaggeration that are promotional statements in advertising and that cannot be taken literally (eg the juiciest oranges in Qld), will not be taken to infringe s 18 27 28 Silence Silence may be misleading or deceptive: TPC v The Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd Silence †¢ Failure to communicate a relevant fact may cause the true representation of another fact to be misleading Abigroup v Peninsula †¢ No general duty of disclosure BUT conduct may be misleading or deceptive if facts give rise to a REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF DISCLOSURE See Latimer at  ¶7-250 †¢ Traditional secretiveness of a bargaining process is NOT a licence to deceive Poseidon Ltd v Adelaide P etroleum NL See Latimer at  ¶7-250 29 Misleading/deceptive conduct What is misleading or deceptive? †¢ Mere confusion or causing uncertainty will not amount to conduct that is misleading or deceptive. †¢ McWilliam’s Wines Pty Ltd v McDonald’s System of Australia Pty Ltd †¢ Parkdale Custom Built Furniture Pty Ltd v Puxu See Latimer at  ¶7-250 How to avoid acting in breach of s 18 †¢ Comparisons must be ACCURATE †¢ Compare like with like 31 32 Misleading/deceptive conduct Roadmap of s 18 †¢ See Latimer at  ¶7-251 False Representations False Representations: s 29 (ACL) Breach of section 29 will result in either: prosecution by the ACCC for a criminal offence OR the injured party being provided with civil remedies (eg damages). The section prohibits the making of false representations in connection with the promotion and supply of goods and services in 14 subsections†¦. See Latimer at  ¶7-290 to  ¶7-375 33 34 False Representations s 29(1)( a): No false representation about the standard, degree of quality, value, grade, composition, style, model, history or previous use of goods †¢ s 29(1)(b) no false representations regarding services †¢ s 29(1)(c): no false representations that goods are new †¢ s 29(1)(d): no false representations that goods or services have been ordered †¢ s 29(1)(e)/(f): no false representations regarding testimonials relating to goods or services †¢ s 29(1)(g): no false representations about performance characteristics, accessories, uses or benefits of goods or services †¢ s 29(1)(h): no false representations regarding sponsorship, approval or affiliation 35 False Representations †¢ s 29(1)(i): no false representations about the price of goods or services †¢ s 29(1)(j): no false representations about repair facilities or spare parts †¢ s 29(1)(k): no false representations about place of origin †¢ s 29(1)(l): no false representations about the need for any goods or services †¢ s 29(1)(m): no false representations about the existence, exclusion or effect of any condition, warranty, guarantee, right or remedy †¢ S 29(1)(n): no false representations concerning a requirement to pay for a contractual right 36 Other unfair practices Bait advertising – s 35, ACL: A person is prohibited from advertising of goods or services at a special price where it does not intend to offer those goods or services for a reasonable period and in a reasonable amount See Latimer at  ¶7-420 No wrongly accepting payment – s 36, ACL: Knowing you will not or cannot supply the promised goods/services See Latimer at  ¶7-440 No misleading representations about certain business activities – s 37, ACL: A business must not make false or misleading representations about business opportunities See Latimer at  ¶7-450 37 Other unfair practices Referral selling – s 49, ACL: A person shall not induce a consumer to acquire goods or services by representing that the consumer will benefit after the contract is made by providing names of prospective customers See Latimer at  ¶7-480 No harassment and coercion – s 50, ACL: No use of pressure tactics or physical force/undue harassment or coercion See Latimer at  ¶7-485 38 Other unfair practices Pyramid Selling – s 44 to 46, ACL: A trading scheme in which a promoter offers to sell to a participant both the right to sell a particular product or service and the right to introduce others into the scheme in the same way Both the promoter and participants trying to recruit others in the scheme are caught under this section See Latimer at  ¶7-470 Other unfair practices Unsolicited Credit Cards – s 39, ACL: Prohibits the sending of unsolicited credit or debit cards to a person unless they were requested See Latimer at  ¶7-460 Unsolicited goods or services – ss 43, ACL: Prohibits a business pushing a right to payment for unsolicited goods or services See Latimer at  ¶7-460 39 40 Defences Defences for breach include: reasonable mistake of fact breach caused by a third party or due to some cause beyond the control of the defendant defendant took reasonable precautions and exercised due diligence to avoid contravention publisher’s defence: reliance on information supplied by another person, information/advertisement received in the ordinary course of business and publisher had no reason to suspect that publication would breach the ACL See Latimer at  ¶7-530 41 Enforcement and Remedies The ACL provides that certain breaches of the law are sufficiently serious such that they may be treated as criminal offences, to which criminal sanctions apply See Latimer at  ¶7-510 to  ¶7-540, see especially Table 1 at  ¶7-510 Misleading/deceptive conduct: Remedies Breach of s 18 is not an offence resulting in a criminal penalty: see Latimer, Table 1 at  ¶7-510 †¢ Remedies for breach of s 18 include: injunction damages but the misleading or deceptive conduct must have caused the loss or damage suffered †¢ Enforcement and Remedies Penalties (except for s18): $1 100 000 per offence in case of a corporation $220 000 per offence in case of a natural person Undertakings Substantiation notices Public warning notices Infringement not ices Injunctions Damages Other orders: Varying or refusing to enforce a contract Refund money or return property Specific performance Community service Corrective advertising Compliance programs †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ See Latimer at  ¶7-520 43 44 No refund signs †¢ No need to display signs about refunds †¢ BUT if sign is displayed, need to be sure that it does not mislead consumers about their rights under the ACL For example, cannot claim ‘No refunds’, ‘No refunds after 7 days’, Exchange or repair only, or We do not refund’ Signs like these are likely to create the impression that consumers have no right to a refund at all See Latimer at  ¶7-370 No refund signs †¢ Consumers are legally entitled to a refund if the implied guarantees have not been met †¢ See www. accc. gov. au: brochure on Warranty and Refund Obligations 45 Consumer Guarantees when goods are supplied The ACL implies into consumer contracts certain non-excludable conditions and warranties (by retailers/suppliers and manufacturers to consumers): Regarding title and right to dispose of the goods: s 51, ACL Undisturbed possession: s 52, ACL Freedom from undisclosed securities: s 53, ACL Goods are of acceptable quality: s 54, ACL Goods are fit for purpose: s 55, ACL Goods match their description: s 56, ACL Goods match the sample (or the demonstration model): s 57, ACL Repairs and spare parts will be available: s 58, ACL Next lecture †¢ Final lecture: week 12 †¢ Tutorials will continue until week 13 (Note the above are mirrored in State Sale of Goods legislation, NOT studied in this course) See Latimer at  ¶7-035 to  ¶7-100 47 48

The Fair Eco Fashion Review Essay Sample

The Fair Eco Fashion Review Essay Sample The Fair Eco Fashion Review Essay Example The Fair Eco Fashion Review Essay Example Fashion for the environmentally friendly products flashed with a new power. Many producers understood that their fashionable clothes should not only look beautiful, but should also be safe for environment, and for a human body. Naturally, it is much more difficult to make clothes from the natural materials, as such a process is complicated. Moreover, the natural materials cost ten times more than artificial ones and, therefore, the product will become more expensive, but safe. It is not only about the product’s safety, but also about the preservation of environment. The label â€Å"Eco† confirms the ecological purity of all the elements used during the process of manufacturing clothes. Eco-Chic: The Fashion Paradox In the 1960s, the brands started transferring their mass production to the Asian countries. It helped to make the price policies flexible and more available. It proceeded for some time, and the movement â€Å"for ecology† became ethical. Nowadays, a lot of modern brands follow this tendency and produce new collections from eco materials. The concept â€Å"eco-fashion† means the use of eco-friendly raw materials and technologies in clothing production. Owing to their efforts, the principle of Fair Trade, which means a fair attitude towards all participants of the production process, gains popularity in America and Europe (Scaturro 2008). The given essay discusses the eco-fashion, the relationship between fashion and environmental awareness of the consumers, pushing the fashion industry to accommodate the environment concerns of the 21th century. Sustainable Fashion and Relationship between Fashion and Environmental Awareness If earlier only politicians took care of fair trade and ecological goods, nowadays, manufacturers and buyers of clothes try to apply eco-friendly methods of production and demonstrate social responsibility. The tendency towards eco-friendly products or sustainable fashion extended on the world of fashion, as well. Today, more and more fashion designers create the â€Å"correct† and â€Å"eco-friendly† clothes. The motives, promoting such a shift, are not entirely altruistic. Consumers demand the goods they buy to be made in a way that does not cause damage to the environment or to workers producing these goods. Often, they are ready to pay more for the â€Å"ecological† products or goods relating to the category of â€Å"fair trade† (Adolphson 2004). The Ethical Fashion Forum is a community of those, who are not indifferent to the future of ethical fashion. Eco-brands, designers, suppliers, consultants, producers and non-profit organizations united for the solution of the common problems of ecological responsibility. The Ethical Fashion Forum includes the designers-innovators and multibrand shops, the production of which can be bought via the Internet or during trips to Europe. All of them observe the principles of the sustainable production to a greater or lesser extent (Ethical Fashion Forum 2014). The joint efforts of the representatives of the industry and the authorities led to the growth of the coalitions in the United States and Great Britain. These coalitions pursue the aim to estimate the influence of the fashion industry on the planet and to carry out search for the socially responsible methods in its reduction with a simultaneous growth of the profitability of fashion companies. The Sustainable Apparel Coalition, located in the USA, unites the brands of the fashion industry, non-profit organizations and environment protection agencies. Such brands as HM and Wal-Mart are among the founders of the coalition. The activities of the organization are aimed at the creation of an index for the measurement and assessment of compliance to the requirements of socially and ecologically responsible production in a segment of the fashionable clothes and footwear. The part of this index includes a search for the technological innovations, which will allow the industry to become socia lly responsible in the environmental direction (Sustainable Apparel Coalition 2014). The Concept of Eco-Fashion Eco-fashion is also called â€Å"ethical†, as it is produced with the consent of nature with the ethical attitude to people and environment. Eco clothes are produced without the use of skin or fabrics of an animal origin. For example, footwear and bags from vegetable skin might be made of the rubber of Amazon, instead of a skin of animals or processed or artificial materials. Ethical fashion is fashion that has been produced with respect for people and the environment. Although there are existing certifications for Organic and Fair Trade, we want to encourage companies who are taking significant action but don’t qualify for certification (Palmer et al. 2012). Eco-fashion includes the following directions: Hand-made. The products made by hands, for example, an embroidery, keeping primordial traditions; Clothes, made-to-order is a qualitative product, which can be used for a long time, unlike mass fashion, which is often disposable; Products made in accordance with the International Labour Standards, at observance of the rights of workers, without attraction of a child labour and reasonable prices; Organic natural fibers grown up without pesticides and other toxic materials, preserving human health and environment; Recycled everything made of already existing or recycled materials, fabric, metal or fiber. Old products can be altered, remade for the new ones; Vintage/Second-Hand. Vintage is the general term for the clothes created during the period from 1920 to 1975, which can be actual at present. Nevertheless, this term is often used for second-hand clothes; Chemicals-free. The chemical dyes and bleaches should not be used in the production process of ecological clothes (Earley 2007). Eco-fashion is not simply clothes from ecological fabrics. It is the whole concept, ideology, and a way of life. There are the following signs by which the clothes are considered to be eco-friendly: A great attention is paid to human health and a state of environment during production. The care for the improvement of life and working conditions of people, respect for work and worthy payments; A respect for cultural diversity and traditions of different people. Eco-fashion promotes preservation and restoration of traditional techniques, such as embroidery, weaving, knitting, etc.; Certification of fabrics by the special organizations; The clothes made by the 3R concept: reuse, reduce, recycle; Ethical clothes: refusal of the use of fabrics of an animal origin (genuine leather and fur) (Hopkins 2009). Fast Fashion Fast fashion is updating of the brand’s assortment several times during a season. It becomes possible due to the copying of the ideas of the world leading designers. It is most often applied in a mass market. Such brands as Zara, HM and TopShop are the main representatives of fast fashion. Fast fashion means an instant adaptation to new trends copying of the successful models of higher segments a fashion market and their delivery to the market of mass production (Tokatli 2008). In the fast fashion segment, the stocks of fashionable clothes are treated as food which have an expiration date and can be quickly spoiled. Producers quickly update the assortment and offer clothes at the height of fashion at low prices, changing the assortment more often than the main classical seasonal collections are issued. The expenditures from the fast change of the assortment are compensated by sales volumes. Sales are reached by about 10% of goods, in comparison with 80% at more expensive desi gn brands (Joy et al. 2012). The fast-fashion strategy of copying was used by the Spanish brand Zara. At present, the brand does not spend money for advertising, but regularly spends money for the trials with owners of companies whom the models were borrowed from. In the first Zara store, the cheap doubles of the clothes of the known Fashion Houses were presented. At that time, the founder of the company Amancio Ortega considered that slow update of the assortment is the main problem of the development of business. More than ten years later, the revolutionary model of clothes production and distribution was found out (Niinimaki 2010). Owning to the new computerized scheme, the company could reduce time from the design of fashionable clothes up to its coming in the market to 10-15 days, in comparison with the standard half-year. Instead of giving the whole work to one designer, Zara formed the internal team of designers, the quantity of which made more than 200 people by the end of the 20th century. Contrary to the standard norms of the fashionable industry, the brand controls all the stages of the technological process of goods production design, production and distribution (Barnes Lea-Greenwood 2006). Fast fashion seriously changes the attitude of people to shopping. If earlier people went to clothing stores once a month or two, now they are compelled to come weekly, knowing that there can be novelties, which will not lay on shelves for a long time. It helps clothing companies to support high sales and avoid the need to arrange sales, which consequently reduce profit. The scheme of companies’ existence is the same: a retail network, selling only one brand, debugged logistics, cheap production and fast update of collections. Collections in shops are updated each two weeks, not considerably, not completely, but customers always have the feeling of the novelty of models in a store. It warms a consumer demand up. Such networks are much faster than the luxury ones: the thing from the sketch to a hanger goes only two months, whereas in luxury brands this way can last for a year. Own outsourcing production and shops allow these networks to enter the flexible system of discounts an d have their own warehouses (Joy et al. 2012). Marks Spencer and HM Sustainable Programs The first steps in the sphere of responsibility of textile production were taken by the companies making clothes from hemp. Such brands as Hemp, Hempy’s caused an interest only among specific audience, remaining in the shadow for mass market. However, the increasing number of brands departs from the stereotypes and proves that fashion business can be both stylish and socially responsible. In January, 2007, the largest British retailer Marks Spencer declared the start of the Plan A Program, assuming the struggle for the ecological reputation by 100 points of charge of violation of the ecological balance in the world. Since 2010, MS established 62 factories, including points on the reduction of emissions of carbon dioxide (due to the increase of energy efficiency of shops) and cooperation with eco-friendly factories worldwide. One of them, located in the territory of Sri Lanka, manufactures the ethic collection of the organic silk, cotton and jersey created in collaboration with Eco-Boudoir in 2009. This collection broke the popularity records in Britain. Similar factories with the equipment, twice lowering a water consumption and energy by 40%, were opened in Bangladesh and Wales by MS (Hamed 2013). According to Green Retail Decisions (2014), Marks Spencer put the following goals in the sphere of sustainable fashion: â€Å"By 2020, the retailer has also vowed to: Procure 50% of cotton from sustainable sources; Ensure 75% of all MS food comes from eco and ethical benchmarked factories; Derive 50% of the energy used in the U.K. and Ireland stores from small-scale renewable sources; Reduce the U.K. and Ireland store refrigeration gas emissions by 80%; Target a 35% reduction in water usage in MS stores and offices† (Green Retail Decisions 2014). The Swedish brand HM was among the first brands in the segment of a mass market which started using organic cotton. After the entrance into the Organic Exchange, the charitable organization supporting the use of eco-friendly textiles, started promoting the organic chemistry not only for children but also for adults. Since 2004, the HM Company included 5% of integrally grown up cotton into some elements of a kids wear, generally from Turkey and India (Environmental Leader 2013). In 2005, HM became the member of Fair Trade Association, and in 2006, the company was recognized as one of six largest world companies, giving preference to the â€Å"green† dyes and materials. There is no natural fur in the HM collections. During 2005 and 2006, there were about 40 tons of organic cotton annually, and in 2007, HM created the new collection made of 100% organic cotton, and its use made 600 tons. In 2008-2009, this figure grew even more, promising to make 50% of all used materials. Besides, the company composed recycled cotton and wool, and the even processed plastic PET bottles (Forbes 2013). The plan of the future sustainable fashion on HM states: â€Å"Conscious is our plan for creating a better fashion future. It’s built on seven commitments and hundreds of Conscious Actions: We have collected 3,047 tones of garments. That’s the equivalent of about 15 million t-shirts; We have used the equivalent of 9.5 million plastic bottles of recycled polyester; All our regular shopping bags are made from recycled plastic† (HM 2013). Fair Trade Fashion People Tree In materials processing, only natural dyes, for example, powders of natural minerals, flower pollen, juice of berries and other natural raw materials are used. Chemical dyes and bleaches are completely excluded. An important role is played by an ethical aspect of a question of production: the principle of Fair Trade. It is a fair attitude towards each participant of the production process. The whole production should correspond to the international standards of work, which assume the observance of workers’ rights, a ban for the employment of minors and child labour (Niinimaki 2010). The People Tree Company is one of the pioneers of eco-friendly fashion. Since 2007, such supermodels as Helena Christensen, Lily Cole, Shalom Harlow and Anne Watanabe appeared in the People Tree clothes in Japanese Vogue. Unlike the majority of Eco brands, People Tree, founded in 2001, quickly got popularity owning to the identity of its founder, Safia Minney, who was the founder of the Fair Trade movement. People Tree does not use artificial dyes and synthetics, preferring the recycled materials. The things of brand are made only in the countries of Southeast Asia. Earlier, People Tree distinguished only ethics, but after the cooperation with Thakoon, Topshop and the actress Emma Watson, whom Safia sent to Bangladesh, it started to produce its own product (Beard 2008). Designers and Materials Genuine leather and fabrics of animal origin (all types of skin, ivory, fur, baleen, a horsehair, etc.) are not used in the production of eco clothes and footwear. For example, at production of footwear natural materials surpass artificial, such as vegetable skin, obtained from plant juice of a hevea (from Amazon). Eco-clothes should correspond to the concept â€Å"biodegradable†, which means that clothes should decay in order not to pollute the planet. Also, clothes and accessories from the recycled materials are urged to reduce the level of pollution on the planet (it can be processing and synthetics). The prefix â€Å"eco† assumes that a producer establishes fair goods prices, which correspond to real production expenses and are not directed at the reception of excess profit (Eco Fashion World 2014). Designers: Sarah Ratty, Katherine Hamnett The Ciel brand drew attention to itself in 2007, when Sara Ratty, famous for the work with the Conscious Earthwear Brand which received attention of the Victoria and Albert Museum, received the Ethical Fashion Awards. Sienna Miller, Eve Hertsigova and Cate Blanchet were the followers of the brand as the jackets, dresses and womanly, almost air jersey with the French dusting (â€Å"ciel† from French means â€Å"sky†) appeared on the pages of the Italian and British editions of Vogue. Since 2011, Ciel got the line of organic cosmetics and underwear. In order not to spend precious eco fabrics in vain, Sara Ratty organized the waste-free production (assuming total upcycling of the jersey remains), and not only out of organic cotton, but also out of alpaca wool, silk and flax. The various Ciel’s prints on t-shirts and dresses are in an active demand they are put with the dyes, not containing nitrogen, that is harmful to skin (Bonini Oppenheim 2008). The design for Katherine Hamnett was always the mean of the political statement: it is enough to remember a t-shirt with an inscription â€Å"58% do not want pershing†, which she put on for the meeting with Margaret Thatcher, protesting against the placement of rockets in the territory of England. However, Katherine launched the campaign for the education of the industry, but, having realized a vanity of own efforts, simply broke the contracts with all suppliers. In 2004, Hamnett starts a new brand with ethic motives. Since then, Katherine uses only organic cotton, produces it in accordance with the principles of fair trade and with suppliers, worthy of her trust. The main thing is that she started controlling her production completely and cooperates only with her adherents. Thus, in 2013, the designer created the line of jewellery from the â€Å"ethically extracted gold and diamonds† for the Cred brand the first European fair-trade retailer of jewellery, and also presented a capsular collection of the beachwear for Yooxygen the Yoox.com joint project and the International Green Cross. Eco Materials Eco clothes are produced on the basis of exclusively natural fabrics, which include silk, flax, cotton, hemp, wool, etc. At the same time, it is impossible to consider clothes made on the basis of raw materials, grown up in the adverse conditions with the use of chemicals to be the environmentally friendly. Thus, cotton does not belong to the environmentally friendly raw materials if it is grown on the plantations processed by dangerous pesticides. In the modern world, a special attention is paid to this fact; therefore, producers of eco clothes buy cotton, flax, fur only from the checked and reliable enterprises. It should be noted that goods belonging to eco clothes should correspond to the environmentally friendly production by composition. The manufacturing companies bear responsibility for any attempts of the fake of natural fabrics and are obligatory exposed to the penalties in especially large sizes. The quality of organic clothes is usually better than the quality of clothes of mass production. Organically grown cotton, hemp and flax are used in textile production in increasing frequency. The plants for fabrics are grown up without the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, and, therefore, reduce the risk of pollution of ground waters. Such fabrics will also decay naturally after they are thrown out. In order to increase durability and service life of organic fabrics, their fibers are often mixed with other fabrics. At present, organic fabrics are quickly spread in two main directions. First of all, it is greenwashing. Many companies declare themselves as eco brands, but in practice they only improve some production links. The fabrics from ecological cotton are softer and are comfortable to wear. In order to receive the label â€Å"organic†, the product should consist of at least 95% out of the certified organic materials. In order to correspond to the standard, producers should refuse solvents, toxic heavy metals, genetically modified seeds or such chemicals as formaldehyde. All sewage should be cleared, production wastes should be processed, and the used bleaches should have an oxygen basis. Eco fabrics possess very attractive useful properties, hypoallergenicity is one of them. Organic cotton is the most universal and popular fabrics among designers. Owning to a careful collecting and processing organic cotton differs by a higher quality and easy structure, and is very pleasant to the touch. The clothes made out of cotton make people comfortable: in summer it is cool, in winter warm. However, according to Greenpeace, 20% of pesticides and 22% of the insecticides made around the world are used for cotton processing. Thus, a solid share of chemical components is put to each cotton item (Brunger 2012). Bamboo fabric is favourably distinguished by the environmental friendliness, softness, durability and ease. Also, it is capable to support an optimum heat exchange and to protect from the ultra-violet radiation and bacteria. Moreover, the cultivation of a bamboo improves the quality of the soil and can even restore it after the erosion. Besides, the bamboo has some very useful qualities: it easily keeps heat in frosts, but, at the same time, provides a good ventilation, helping a body to remain cooled in a hot weather. Linen fabric possesses antibacterial properties, helps to improve a blood circulation in an organism and to raise vitality. Owning to fine hygroscopic properties, linen is especially popular in summer collections. A natural silk is very light and pleasant to the touch, capable to dry and warm a skin (ideal for people with the increased perspiration), and also is useful for people with blood circulation problems. Wool possesses excellent heat-shielding properties, keeps heat well, and cashmere fabric is very light and pleasant to the touch. The fabric from a nettle differs in a good wear resistance, antistatic, antiseptic and temperature-controlled properties. Visually, such fabric is similar to linen, however, it differs by the gloss. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a compound polyester, used for production of the diverse packing for products and drinks, cosmetics and pharmaceutical means. The PET materials are irreplaceable at the production of audio, video and x-ray films, car tires, bottles for drinks, films with high barrier properties and fibers for fabrics. The main area of the use of PET in the world is the production of polyester fibers and threads. A broad application of PET started in the 1960s from the production of textiles. Since then, the demand steadily grows, first of all, in the developed countries. There is an extremely rapid growing demand in the PET market in the majority of regions. Polyester fabrics are produced from the polyester threads. An increase in demand for PEF was caused, first of all, by a lower prime cost in comparison with the other types of chemical fibers and threads. PET does not concede to polyamide by durability and lengthening, and even surpasses it; it also surpasses the most form-resistant natural fiber wool, has a low hygroscopicity and a high thermal stability, which is an advantage in the production of technical fabrics. Polyester textile fibers are used for the production of yarn polyester and are widely applied in the production cotton, linen and woollen fabrics. Polyester textile threads are used in the production of a wide range of various types of materials: lining, costume fabrics, etc. (Brunger 2012). Eco Labelling Eco labelling is a sign, found on the packing of the goods, which passed examination and proved an ecological safety and a high quality. Eco labelling was created, on the one hand, to give a reliable criterion of a choice of qualitative production to the consumer, and, on the other hand, to help producers of ecologically safe production with the advance of their goods and increase of competitiveness in the market. Eco labelling and marking is one of the instruments of the ecological management, which is an object of the consideration of a complex of the ISO 14000 standards (namely ISO 14020 14024) (Eco Fashion World 2014). The eco labelling existing in the world can be divided into the following groups: Information on environmental friendliness of production in general considering the whole life cycle of its production; Information on the environmental friendliness of separate properties of production. It also includes the signs reflecting the absence of the substances, leading to the reduction of an ozone layer around the Earth; the signs on consumer goods reflecting the possibility of their utilization with the smallest harm for environment, etc.; Eco fashion and eco clothes compose a new area, which has started its active development in the world recently and represents a huge interest for the future. It assumes a new mentality, respect for the nature and a person, and a reasonable use of natural resources. Today, the subject of eco fashion becomes more and more popular and more and more designers produce eco fashion collections. The percent of consumers of eco-fashion grows slowly but steadily. The American and European fashion industry is full with the eco events shows of eco-friendly clothes within the fashion weeks or separate thematic shows. Eco clothes are not only fashionable and stylish clothes, but also very ethic.

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Thunder from the Sea Essay The story of Joan Hiatt Harlows Thunder from the Sea (2004) revolves around a 13 year-old boy named Tom Campbell and a dog-called Thunder. Tom has been an orphaned since the age of 3, which is why he has never experience belonging in a family. On the other hand, Thunder was lost at sea during a very bad storm and it was during this time of need that Tom rescued this dog. Tom and Thunder were able to find companionship with each other. Tom experienced having a family with the Murray household and a loyal friend with Thunder. It was through these relationships that he was able to find the sense of acceptance and belongingness that he never experience in the orphanage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"No man is an island.† This line is indeed true especially when you used it in the context of this book. Tom Campbell is like anyone else also needs other people in order to make their lives complete. Almost everyone have to establish a certain connection with others in order to know more about themselves. It is through the very idea of caring for someone, being loyal to other people and most especially loving your fellow individual that one can make sense of the world. The mere idea of feeling these emotions makes a person realized that he or she is indeed a human being that is capable of giving a part of his or her life to other people and sometimes that is what it takes for a life to be meaningful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This heart-warming story emphasizes the importance of finding lifes meaning through the influence and aid of others. Someone does not have to be a dog-lover in order to appreciate and see the lessons underlying this book. It approaches the idea of loneliness, loyalty, and love in a way that almost all people could relate to. Harlow succeeded in writing a piece of literature that tackles an important aspect of a persons life especially during this present time that the society is taking for granted how essential it is to establish meaningful and long-lasting relationships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thunder from the Sea is a good read that will take its readers to an exciting journey of finding lifes meaning. It will also invokes its readers to re-think and re-assess the relationships that they have or need to have as well as their over all outlook about their lives. Reference Harlow, J. H. (2004). Thunder from the Sea. U.S.A: Simon and Schuster Childrens Publishing.