GMAT Tip of the Week The Overly Specific Question Stem

For most of our lives, we ask and answer relatively generic questions: Hows it going? What are you up to this weekend? What time do the Cubs play tonight? And think about it, what if those questions were more specific: Are you in a melancholy mood today? Are you and Josh going to dinner at Don Antonios tonight and ordering table-side guacamole? Do the Cubs play at 7:05 tonight on WGN? If someone is asking those questions instead, youre probably a bit suspicious. Why so specific? Whats your angle? The same is true on the GMAT. Most of the question stems you see are relatively generic: What is the value of x? Which of the following would most weaken the authors argument? So when the question stem get a little too specific, you should become a bit suspicious. Whats the test going for there? Why so specific? The overly-specific Critical Reasoning question stem is a great example. Consider the problem: Raisins are made by drying grapes in the sun. Although some of the sugar in the grapes is caramelized in the process, nothing is added. Moreover, the only thing removed from the grapes is the water that evaporates during the drying, and water contains no calories or nutrients. The fact that raisins contain more iron per food calorie than grapes do is thus puzzling. Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain why raisins contain more iron per calorie than do grapes? (A) Since grapes are bigger than raisins, it takes several bunches of grapes to provide the same amount of iron as a handful of raisins does. (B) Caramelized sugar cannot be digested, so its calories do not count toward the food calorie content of raisins. (C) The body can absorb iron and other nutrients more quickly from grapes than from raisins because of the relatively high water content of grapes. (D) Raisins, but not grapes, are available year-round, so many people get a greater share of their yearly iron intake from raisins than from grapes. (E) Raisins are often eaten in combination with other iron-containing foods, while grapes are usually eaten by themselves. Look at that question stem: a quick scan naturally shows you that you need to explain/resolve a paradox, but the question goes into even more detail for you. It reaffirms the exact nature of the paradox its not about iron, but instead that that raisins contain more iron per calorie than grapes do. By adding that extra description into the question stem, the testmaker is practically yelling at you, Make sure you consider caloriesdont just focus on iron! And therefore, you should be prepared for  the  correct answer B, the only one that addresses calories, and deftly avoid answers A, C, D, and E, which all focus only on iron (and do so tangentially to the paradox). Strategically speaking, if a Critical Reasoning question stem gets overly specific, you should pay particular attention to the specificity thereits most likely directing you to the operative portion of the argument. Overly specific questions are most helpful in Data Sufficiency questions (and that same logic will help on Problem Solving too, as youll see). The testmaker knows that youve trained your entire algebraic life to solve for individual variables. So how can a question author use that lifetime of repetition against you? By asking you to solve for a specific combination that doesnt require you to find the individual values. Consider this example, which appears courtesy the Official Guide for GMAT Quantitative Review: If x^2 + y^2 = 29, what is the value of (x y)^2? (1) xy = 10 (2) x = 5 Two major clues should stand out to you that you need to Leverage Assets on this problem. For one, using both statements together (answer choice C) is dead easy. If xy = 10 and x = 5 then y = 2 and you can solve for any combination of x and y that anyone could ever ask for. But secondly and more subtly, the question stem should jump out as a classic way-too-specific, Leverage Assets question stem. They asked for a really, really specific value: (x y)^2. Now, immediately upon seeing that specificity you should be thinking, Thats too specifictheres probably a way to solve for that exact value without getting x and y individually. That thought process alone tells you where to spend your time you want to really leverage Statement 1 to try to make it work alone. And if youre still unconvinced, consider what the specificity does: the squared portion removes the question of negative vs. positive from the debate, removing one of the most common reasons that a seemingly-sufficient statement just wont work. And, furthermore, the common quadratic (x y)^2 shares an awful lot in common with the x^2 and y^2 elsewhere in the question stem. If you expand the parentheses, you have What is x^2 2xy + y^2? meaning that youre already 2/3 of the way there (so to speak), since theyve spotted you the sum x^2 + y^2. The important strategy here is that the overly-specific question stem should scream LEVERAGE ASSETS and You dont need to solve for x and ytheres probably a way to solve directly for that exact combination. Since you know that youre solving for the expanded x^2 2xy + y^2, and you already know that x^2 + y^2 = 29, youre really solving for 29 2xy. Since you know from Statement 1 that xy = 20, then 29 2xy will be 29 2(10), which is 9. Statement 1 alone is sufficient, even though you dont know what x and y are individually. And one of the major signals that you should recognize to help you get there is the presence of an overly specific question stem. So remember, in a world of generic questions, the oddly specific question should arouse a bit of suspicion: the interrogator is up to something! On the GMAT, you can use that to your advantage an overly specific Critical Reasoning question usually tells you exactly which keywords are the most important, and an overly specific Data Sufficiency question stem begs for you to leverage assets and find a way to get the most out of each statement. Getting ready to take the GMAT? We have free online GMAT seminars running all the time. And as always, be sure to follow us on  Facebook, YouTube,  Google+  and Twitter! By Brian Galvin.

Sustainability and Its Impact on the Four Managerial...

Sustainability and Its Impact on the Four Managerial Functions Nowadays people all over Australia use their own environmentally friendly shopping bags when they go to the Supermarket. Why have so many people changed their every day habit and stopped using the convenient plastic bags? The transition from plastic bags to recycled ones is only one aspect of a global attitude change towards environmental topics. During the last few decades, businesses have been focusing on lowering their production costs, with no considerations on the consequences for the upcoming years. Today, organizations all over the globe are starting to change the way they operate in order to prevent an environmental crisis. Sustainability is the new approach that†¦show more content†¦In prior years, while managers used to set goals for their organization, their only consideration was how to maximize revenues, without paying attention to the created waste during the manufacturing process and the operation of the organization. Nowadays, managers need to ensure that the manufacturing process is sustainable. The Lean Manufacturing (Womack, Jones Roos, 1990) term is a managerial philosophy which tries to eliminate waste as much as possible during the manufacturing process. For example maximize use and reuse of raw materials, decrease the amount of excess supply and defective products, effective shipping handling and consecutive manufacturing process. The second factor managers must relate to is reduction in the amount of waste in the organizations building itself. For instance total consumption of water and energy should be minimized as well. Then, the organizations board has to structure its vision, and set specific goals relating to environment issues, for the upcoming years. For illustration, for more than half a century The Coca Cola Company had put its emphasis on protecting the environment. In 1956, The Coca Cola Company set a goal of protecting our world and environment. Since then the company conducts researches about environmental issues consistently, and is considered as a revolution maker in regards to environment and Sustainability topics. In addition, in 1991 the first beverage bottle was made fromShow MoreRelatedThe Modern Era Of Social Responsibility1523 Words   |  7 Pagesbetter understand the relationship between CSR and ethics. Literature Review The primary CSR functions are as follows: to cause no harm, prevent harm, and do good. These functions can be implemented through several dimensions such as ethics, legal transparency and accountability, socio-economic developments, and environmental sustainability. Heinz, for example, has demonstrated environmental sustainability efforts including a reduction in gas emissions, solid waste, energy and water consumption, andRead MoreManaging A Successful Business Management1244 Words   |  5 Pagesthem out to achieve organizational goals. Managers have four main functions they carry out in the management world. Managers plan which requires setting goals, and decide how to accomplish them. They need to organize which means they arrange tasks, people, and other resources to accomplish the work. They also control which means they monitor performance, compare it with goals, and take corrective action as needed. Another function managers do is lead. They motivate, direct, and influenceRead MoreManaging A Successful Business Management1244 Words   |  5 Pagesthem out to achieve organizational goals. Managers have four main functions they carry out in the management world. Managers plan which requires setting goals, and decide how to accomplish them. They need to organize which means they arrange tasks, people, and other resources to accomplish the work. They also control which means they monitor performance, compare it with goals, and take corrective action as needed. Another function managers do is lead. They motivate, direct, and influenceRead MoreCorporate Ethics And Social Responsibility1528 Words   |  7 Pagesqualitative paradigm needs to be used in order to ensure in-depth knowledge and understanding of the issues and challenges among business practices and how they can be handled. The influence of leadership and management decision making in an organization impacts goals, growth, values, efficiency and success all while corporations have a responsibility to be ethical at all times (Knowledge@Wharton, 2012). In addition to ethics, a large number of companies have now bridged ethics to corporate social responsibilityRead MoreThe Management Of Valve Corporation1413 Words   |  6 Pages it plays a vital role in the livelihood of organisations as one of the four management functions. Valve Corporation is no different, that it is an enterprise which requires some element of organisational control to ensure their aims and objectives are achieved. The company lacks executives and managers, and as a result, can encounter specific issues such as power distribution, task delegation and accountability that impact their organisation’s functionality. 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According to Fayol, planning is the â€Å"heart† of managementRead MoreCompetency Mapping4505 Words   |  19 Pagesof thinking that impact an individual’s behavior. *Figure 1 illustrates this definition. Competencies in organizations tend to fall into two broad categories: - Personal Functioning Competencies. These competencies include broad success factors not tied to a specific work function or industry (often focusing on leadership or emotional intelligence behaviors). - Functional/Technical Competencies. These competencies include specific success factors within a given work function or industry. TheRead MoreEssay Unit 6 Assignment 11591 Words   |  7 Pages198). Dyer, Gregerson Christensen (2011), provide the discovery skills framework for innovative leaders. The following is a summary of the five discovery skills outlined by Dyer, Gregerson, Christensen (2011) that encourages innovation and sustainability in the global context. Associational Thinking Innovators use associational thinking, where they â€Å"cross-pollinate ideas in their own heads and in others. They connect wildly different ideas, objects, services, technologies, and disciplines to

Mass Incarceration A New Form Of Slavery Essay - 1555 Words

Mass Incarceration: A New Form of Slavery in the United States Lorena P. Ambriz History 12A Abstract Starting in the 1970s, the rising rate of imprisonment came to be known as Mass Incarceration. What was once an average of 100 people getting imprisoned for every 100,000 adults, prior to the 1970s, has now grown to become more than 600 individuals per every 100,000 adults imprisoned. With only five present of the total world population, The United States holds an astonishing 25 percent of the world’s prisoners. From 1980 to 2013, the number of people who are in United States prisons and jails has risen from a little over five hundred thousand to over two million people (Kilgore, 2015). The amount of people in prisons has risen more than 450% than what it was prior to the 1980s, despite the fact that crime in the United States has declined steeply since the 1990s. Why and how did this occur? What role does Mass Incarceration play in our Society? Mass Incarceration: A New Form of Slavery in the United States The Bigger Picture In 1865, the United Sates abolished slavery with the Implementation of the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution. While it brought a major victory to many Americans at the time, it was not without its flaws. Stating that â€Å"Neither Slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United State, nor any place subject to their jurisdiction,† the 13thShow MoreRelatedHow Mass Incarceration Has Become The New Form Of Jim Crow And Slavery Essay1422 Words   |  6 Pagesnation there has always been a racial caste systems due to slavery, money, and greed. The End of slavery was after the civil war and enfourced through the 13th Amendment. The loophole that was created that was the exception that criminals can be treated as a involuntary servitude, which was noted in the U.S constitution. To speed things along you have the slavery which transferred to convicted leasing to Jim Crow Er a and now Mass Incarceration which all has striped millions of the people, whom are inRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1313 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws where used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to the civilRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1316 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws were used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to the civilRead MoreWacquant - From Slavery to Mass Incarceration - Critique and Reflection1394 Words   |  6 PagesFrom Slavery to Mass Incarceration: Necessary Extremes Of the supplementary readings provided, I found â€Å"From Slavery to Mass Incarceration† by Loà ¯c Wacquant the most intriguing. This particular article is based on â€Å"rethinking the ‘race question’ in the US† and the disproportionate institutions set apart for African Americans in the United States. The volatile beginnings of African Americans presented obvious hardships for future advancement, but Wacquant argues that they still suffer from a formRead MoreThe New Jim Crow?919 Words   |  4 PagesAlexander, the author of The New Jim Crow, did not see the prison systems as racially motivated until doing further research. After researching the issue, Alexander found the prison system was a way to oppress African Americans and wrote the novel The New Jim Crow. The New Jim Crow follows the history of the racial caste system and in the novel Alexander comes to the conclusion that the mass incarceration of African American is the New Jim Crow, or in othe r words a new system of black oppression.Read MoreMass Incarceration : The Color Of Justice Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesMass Incarceration: The Color of Justice (DRAFT) Racial discrimination in the United States has been a radical issue plaguing African Americans from as early as slavery to the more liberal society we see today. Slavery is one of the oldest forms of oppression against African Americans. Slaves were brought in from Africa at increasingly high numbers to do the so-called dirty work or manual labor of their white owners. Many years later, after the abolishment of slavery came the Jim Crow era. In theRead MoreIs The Mass Incarceration Of Blacks The New Jim Crow?1540 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Mass Incarceration of Blacks the new Jim Crow? American has a legacy of the mistreatment and disenfranchisement of African Americans. The same bad treatment that many think only took place in the past is in fact still intact, it’s just presented in a new way. The mass incarceration of blacks in the Unites States can be attributed to the â€Å"racial hierarchy† that has always existed. The U.S contributes to about 5% of the worlds overall population, and about 25% of the worlds prison populationRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1361 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness The premise of the ‘The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness’ by Michelle Alexander, is to refute claims that racism is dead and argue that the War on Drugs and the federal drug policy unfairly targets communities of color, keeping a large majority of black men of varying ages in a cycle of poverty and behind bars. The author proves that racism thrives by highlighting theRead MoreThe United States Criminal Justice System Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesConstitution which outlawed slavery unless you are being punished for a crime. The film focuses on racism in the United States’ criminal justice system. According to DuVernay, the part of the 13th Amendment that says â€Å"unless you are being punished for a crime† is a loophole that has been used to allow slavery to continue in the early days during reconstruction and even now. This loophole coupled with the criminalization of the black man has led to mass incarceration of minorities. The United StatesRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration Essay795 Words   |  4 PagesThe video we were asked to write a reflection on discussed The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness which is a book written by Michelle Alexander a highly acclaimed civil rights lawyer, advocate and Associate Professor of Law at Oh io State University. Michelle Alexander states that although we made tremendous progress with Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s by unifying as a race and fought to seemingly ended the old Jim Crow era by the passing of laws such as the 1965 voting

12 Monkeys and Societys Perception of Drugs Essay

Illegal Drugs vs. Psych Ward Drugs The definition of drugs ranges from supposedly positive to automatically classified as negative. But who is to say which drug is bad and which drug is considered good. In the movie entitled 12 Angry Men the director Terry Gilliam used this film to bring about an idea that I had to rethink. This movie was released on the 27 of December in 1995, this movies genre is often questionable but for the most part it is an Action, Thriller, Sci-Fi. The two characters that the drugs affected the most were the main character James Cole played by Bruce Willis and another important character Jeffrey played by Brad Pit. Our society often contradicts themselves when it comes to distributing and using drugs†¦show more content†¦While the scientists on the cast question his trip one of the questions I would like to point out is Cole is asked, How was it? Lots of drugs? The definition of a Drug according to dictionary.com is A chemical substance, such as a narcotic or hallucinogen, that affects the central nervous system, causing changes in behavior and often addiction and A substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease or as a component of a medication. Being a controlled substance we automatically classify drugs as an illegal act that is not often accepted. In our society today you can go to jail for possession and possession with intent to supply. Our generation is receiving years in jail or the misuse and overdose of drugs. Drugs are abused everyday by teens and adults and often looked down upon. Numerous accidents have occurred do to the abuse of some drugs. Drugs in our society today are initially thought of as bad, and then we come to the understanding that there are other types of drugs that may in fact not be bad but used for good. Illegal drugs are portrayed in our society as really bad, but the use of drugs is abused in psych wards and other facilities also. From previous research I learned that Thorazine is an antipsychotic drug, used as a major tranquilizers. So it is ok for our government and other higher authority to allow the use of tranquilizers on humans andShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesManager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: Christian Holdener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. 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Analysis Of The Movie The Great Gatsby By F. Scott...

Friendly Carrie was more of a quiet person who never did anything to anyone. She worked hard on her grades. She wasn’t a very outgoing person. Carrie’s hair was dyed pink, she usually wore ripped jeans and plain t-shirts. Alison on the other hand was the total opposite of Carrie. Alison was known as the school bully. She never did her homework, and she was loud and outgoing and not to mention very mean. Alison had black hair and usually wore shorts and t-shirts. Both Carrie and Alison had blue eyes. One day Carrie was walking down the hallway, they hallway had white walls and white tiled floor with one colorful tiled tile. Alison was walking towards her. When Alison got closer to Carrie she started bullying her by saying very mean and offensive things to her like â€Å"You’re stupid, you’re ugly and no one likes you!’’ Carrie didn’t say anything to her just ignored her. When Alison saw Carrie had no reaction she pushed Carrie into a wall. Carrie hit the back of her head on the locker and fell to her knees afterwards. She cried because of the paint it caused. Months went by and Alison’s bullying got worse verbally and physically. One day it got to Carrie and she finally stood up for herself, she wasn’t going to get bullied into silence. The next day Alison came up to her and before she could say anything Carrie said in a firm voice â€Å"What is your problem? I’ve never done anything to you. Why are you bullying me? If something is going on at home talk to someone about it.’’Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1186 Words   |  5 PagesLong beaten out by the glaring sun, Noctis and his friends stood on outside of the car. Prompto, who was leaning on the front wheel, gawked at the young woman coming up to them. 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Research Project for Earthworms in Earthworm- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theResearch Project for Earthworms in Earthworm Farming. Answer: Feasibility of reusing coffee powder waste as feed for earthworms in earthworm farming The most significant issues encountered by todays world are the ability to manage waste that is affecting the public health and the environment. As commented by Murthy Naidu (2012), coffee powder is the most widely produced waste that is produced on a daily basis. This is because of an increased rate of coffee consumption among the population in Singapore. It is estimated that there are hundreds of coffee shops around Singapore that produce an average of 15 kg coffee waste daily. Therefore, tonnes of coffee powders are wasted per month in Singapore. Using natural fertilizers for the crops is essential to promote growth and level of nutrition within them. Disposing of the coffee powder in the natural environment adversely affects the public health and environment. Therefore, it is feasible to reuse the coffee powder waste for vermin composting, as worms enjoy similar food habits as humans (Pathma Sakthivel, 2012). As mentioned by Yuan (2016), worms recycle the coffee powders into nutrients for the plants. Regular composting produces healthy food for the plants whereas compost by the earthworms helps in enriching the compost even more. After feeding on the coffee powders, the earthworms excrete castings that help in providing sufficient nutrients to the garden. Coffee powders help in attracting worms similarly as traditional composting piles used to do. The coffee powders are considered as a tasty addition to the products that are used for compost production. Thus, coffee powder helps in digestion for the earthworms while vermin composting. An adequate amount of coffee powder needs to be added while compost production because an excessive amount of coffee powder makes the compost acidic. The best environment for the worms ranges from 6.0-8.0. Excessive acidic nature of the bed can burn the skin of the worms thereby, hampering the compost formation (Makkar et al. 2014). The research suggests that the use of coffee powder helps in enriching the property of the compost used for agriculture. However, the feasibility of reusing the coffee powder needs attention, as a huge amount of coffee powder is produced as waste daily in Singapore. The practicality of the objective is presented by SMART objective below: Specific- The objective is specific because reusing the coffee powder waste will enhance the quality of the compost used for agriculture. Enriched quality of the vermin compost will help in better plant growth, as the plants will have access to better nutritional values. Additionally, reusing the wasted coffee powders will also help in decreasing the adverse environmental impact. Therefore, the reusing coffee powder will help in mitigating the adverse environmental impact and enhancing the quality of crops. Measurable- The objective is measurable because the use of the amount of waste coffee powder in Singapore can be compared between the past and the present. Comparing the amount of coffee powder used in vermin compost in the past and in the present will give an idea of the feasibility of reusing the waste for earthworm culture. Tools such as SQL data compare and various statistical tools can measure the data (Sanchez-Hernandez Dominguez, 2017). Additionally, studying the reports of the company that uses coffee powder as vermin compost will help in measuring the feasibility. Attainable- The objective is attainable because successful completion of the objective contributes largely to the environment and the agricultural field in Singapore. The practicality of the objective will help in reducing the environmental pollution caused by general disposal of coffee powder. Realistic- The objective is realistic because it is appropriate for the caffeine industry as well as the environment. Judging the feasibility of reusing coffee powder will help in evaluating the available resources that can be used in attaining the objectives. It has to be seen whether there are sufficient and adequate resources available in Singapore that can be used for collecting the daily coffee powder waste. This will provide an overall idea of the amount of coffee powder that is used in vermin compost thereby, enriching the quality of the compost (Chen et al., 2015). Time-specific- The objective is time specific because reusing the wasted coffee powder 1 month of the collection will increase the feasibility of the objective. Therefore, the wasted coffee powder produced daily needs to be utilized within 1 month of collection by the compost producing companies. Time Frame Activities 1st week Collecting the coffee powder waste 2nd week Mixing the coffee powder with other composts and creating the bed for the earthworms 3rd week Wait for the earthworms to use the coffee waste 4th week Production of enriched compost through vermin compost References Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q., Xu, L., Li, R., Luo, X., ... Tong, J. (2015). Earthworms modify microbial community structure and accelerate maize stover decomposition during vermicomposting. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(21), 17161-17170. Makkar, H. P., Tran, G., Heuz, V., Ankers, P. (2014). State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 197, 1-33. Murthy, P. S., Naidu, M. M. (2012). Sustainable management of coffee industry by-products and value additionA review. Resources, Conservation and recycling, 66, 45-58. Pathma, J., Sakthivel, N. (2012). Microbial diversity of vermicompost bacteria that exhibit useful agricultural traits and waste management potential. SpringerPlus, 1(1), 26. Sanchez-Hernandez, J. C., Domnguez, J. (2017). Vermicompost derived from spent coffee grounds: assessing the potential for enzymatic bioremediation. Yuan, Y. (2016). Vermicomposting, waste recycling and plant growth (Doctoral dissertation, Lincoln University).

Obtaining Remedy Element Of Actual Damage †Myassignmentrhelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Obtaining Remedy Element Of Actual Damage? Answer: Introduction This report revolves around the negligence case of Hackshaw VS Shaw. In this case, there is a tort of negligence. Tort means any wrong act by one party to another which gives rise to an illegal act or which results in an injury to the plaintiff. Basically, tort is based on breach of duty. Because of this illegal act, a civil action of a court of law occurs against the party who has committed wrong act. The major elements of tort of negligence includes: element of fault, element of obtaining remedy and element of actual damage. Element of fault arises when the plaintiff have the evidence that the party has done a tort act. In the element of obtaining remedy, the law of tort is about giving compensation to the plaintiff rather than punishing the person responsible for the tort (Barnett and Harder, 2014). The element of actual damage is related to the evidence that the plaintiff have to prove that the injury has taken place because of the tort act. This report explains the facts of the case, the issues raised by both the parties, the arguments made by the plaintiff and the defender and the judgement given by the court. The report is in the favour of plaintiff and includes a proper analysis of why the plaintiff is stronger than the defender. If a case is having these four elements then it comes under negligence case. This report also describes the evidences showed by the plaintiff to win the case. The elements are breach of duty, actual harm, duty of care and casual connection. This case has all these elements so it is a negligence case (Goudkamp and Plunkett, 2017). The visitors can be categorised as licensees, trespasser, contractual, invitees and entrants with a right. This case is related to the trespasser visitor. Elements of the tort include: Shaw was acquiring a farm for storing the petrol. The petrol was stored for farming machinery. But once at night, the petrol was being stolen. Shaw decided to find out who was stealing the petrol. Another night, Shaw was waiting near the petrol tank to see who was stealing the petrol. Suddenly, one Cox drove into Shaws farm and the headlights of the car were turned off. Hackshaw was in a stolen motor vehicle with Cox. When the Cox started stealing the petrol, two warning shots were fired by Shaw at the car because thief is standing next to the car and Hackshaw get injured by the shots as she was sitting at the front seat of the car. Later, Shaw accepted that he was unaware about Hackshaw that she was in the car. But Hackshaw wants to sue him for the injury done to her and demanding compensation for the injury. Here, the plaintiff was a trespasser. Trespasser means an intentional act by the defender to injure the plaintiff (Loughnan, 2017). The elements of trespass include no lawful justification, intentional fault and injury caused to the plaintiff. Issues Raised by plaintiff: The defendant has breached the duty of care towards the plaintiff. Though the defendant is the owner of the land but it is his responsibility to follow the duty of care. Due to the irresponsibility of the defendant towards the duty of care, the plaintiff is being injured. Shaw does not have any right to injure Hackshaw because of the reason that she has entered in his property without permission. Did the defendant breach the duty of care? In the given case, is the defender responsible for providing the duty to give safety measures to the people in his property? Did the defender know that a person other than Cox was sitting in the car? Raised by defendant: According to the defendant, it is the mistake of the plaintiff that she entered in the property of the defendant without his permission. Shaw accepted that he did not know about the fact that plaintiff was sitting in the car (Dyson, 2015). Another issue raised by the defendant is that the plaintiff was responsible for her safety. The plaintiff was involved in the criminal act at the time of injury. Arguments In this case it was argued by the plaintiff that the defender owes a duty of care against the plaintiff that his rifle did not injure the plaintiff. It was also argued by Hackshaw that Shaw was aware about the fact that Hackshaw was sitting on the front seat still he started firing on the car without thinking about the injury that could be done to Hackshaw due to his rifle (Cane, 2017). But Shaw denied this argument. The law does not allow any person to shoot the other person who has entered his or her property without taking his or her permission. Another argument is related to restriction on the use of excessive force by the land owner. The defendant argued that he fired on the engine of the car. If the defendant was aware that someone other than Cox was in the car, was he guilty of the negligence done by him? Can a trespasser can sue the owner of the property if the trespasser becomes injured on his or her property. Judgement of the court The court made the decision in favour of the plaintiff. As it is the liability of the occupier and as per the duty of care, the occupier is responsible for the security of any person which has entered his property. So, Shaw has to shoot in such a way that it could not harm anyone (Walmsley, et al., 2015). For the negligence of the passenger sitting in the car, the farmer was held responsible. The defender is defending himself by the statement that he was not aware whether someone is there inside the car but according to the court it is his duty to take due care while shooting. Shooting at the car leads to the danger of injuring a person in the vehicle, which would have been reasonably foreseen by the farmer. According to the High court of Australia, if a land owner injures a thief by using unreasonable force then the land owner is liable for the injury done to the thief and the land owner is also responsible to provide compensation to the thief for the injury done to him or her. As p er the rules of court, the use of rifle was considered as excessive force and it increases the risk of injury to the plaintiff. The court gave the decision that Shaw has to provide compensation to the plaintiff for the mistake done by Mr. Shaw whether intentionally or negligently (Ryan, 2017). Critical analysis The report is in the favour of plaintiff i.e. Miss. Hackshaw. She is the girlfriend of the thief according to the case. The judgement of the court was in favour of plaintiff because the plaintiff was having all the evidences that proved this case as a case of negligence (Quill and Friel, 2016). First point to be considered is the breach of the duty of care. It is duty of the defender to make sure that nobody is sitting in the car before shooting. The defenders main target is the thief next to car but he has injured an innocent person negligently. The plaintiff won the case because her case is stronger than the defender because she gets injured because of the defender which proves his carelessness in performing the duty of care (Bartlett, 2017). Hackshaw had contributed to the injury by illegally entering Shaws property. The court also considers the risk of injury to the plaintiff whether the risk is less, medium or high and also the age of the plaintiff. Here, the risk of injury is h igh and the age of the plaintiff was just 17 years. The defendant owed a duty of care under the principles of negligence to the plaintiff. Shaw does not have the power to harm the person entering to his property without taking his permission. If any person is on the land of the occupier as trespasser, then the occupier does not have the right to give rise to the foreseeable risk of proximity. Duty from being owed cannot be prevented by the engagement of plaintiff in the illegal act at the time of injury (Fulbrook, 2017).Another critical point is that the trespasser only needs an evidence of the injury or damage rather than the actual damage. The main idea behind the compensation taken in case of tort is placing the defender in the same position at which he was before the commitment of the tort. The plaintiff gave the evidence that she was not aware about the theft and she did not know why Cox turned off the lights and she also did not know that the car was stolen. The plaintiff succ eeds in the case only because of trespass (Foley and Christensen, 2016). The occupiers liability act, 1954 has imposed a duty of care upon the occupier of land. But here in this case, the visitor came to harm the defender so in such a case also the occupier is not allowed to use excessive force to save his or her property. The occupier has the following duties towards the trespasser: risks of which the occupier has reasonable grounds to believe that they exist and he has reasonable grounds to believe that the trespasser is in the vicinity of the risks. Once the plaintiff has proved that the defendant was in breach of his duty towards her as per the Occupiers' Liability Act, she must go on to prove the facts and the damage done to her (Roy and Marsoof, 2017).After analysing the argument that can a trespasser can sue the property owner if he or she gets injured in his property then as per the analysis, the trespasser has the right to sue the property owner for the breach of the duty o f care. Law applicable to negligence Western Australia Civil Liability Act 2002 (WA) Victoria Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic) Australian Capital Territory Civil Liability Act 2002 (ACT) South Australia Civil Liability Act 2002 (SA) Queensland Civil Liability Act 2002 (QLD) Tasmania Civil Liability Act 2002 (Tas) New South Wales Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) Conclusion This report is prepared in the favour of plaintiff and the court has given the judgement in favour of plaintiff because the plaintiff disclosed all the evidences which proved that this is the case of negligence. The case is related to negligence and tort. The defendant has injured the plaintiff unintentionally in this case. It was the case of tort not crime because the main objective in case of crime is punishment and in case of tort is compensation. This case is related to compensation so it is a tort. The plaintiff is demanding compensation from the defender for the loss done by him. After taking into account all the issues and arguments done by both the parties i.e. defender and plaintiff, the court has given the judgement in the favour of plaintiff. The plaintiff is having the evidence of her injury and some other evidences related to the case which proves that the defender breached the duty of care and the court said that the land owner is having the duty of care towards any per son who has entered his land. According to the court, the landowner is also not required to use excessive force that can be harmful for others. At the end of the case, Shaw has to pay the compensation amount to the plaintiff and the compensation amount is equal to the amount of the loss done to the plaintiff. At the end, it is concluded that for any tort of negligence to visitors, the owner of the land should be liable for the injury done to the visitor. Even if the visitor entered the property without taking permission, the occupier owes duty of care towards him. References Barnett, K. and Harder, S. (2014) Remedies in Australian Private Law. England: Cambridge University Press. Bartlett, F. (2017) Making lawyers pay for malpractice in court: skirting advocates immunity in Australia, International Journal of the Legal Profession, 24(2), pp.109-123. Cane, P. (2017) Key Ideas in Tort Law. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Dyson, M. (2015) Comparing Tort and Crime: Learning from across and within Legal Systems. UK: Cambridge University Press. Foley, M. and Christensen, M. (2016) Negligence and the Duty of Care: A Case Study Discussion, Singapore Nursing Journal, 43(1). Fulbrook, J. (2017) Outdoor activities, negligence and the law. UK: Routledge. Goudkamp, J. and Plunkett, J. (2017) Vicarious liability in Australia: on the move, Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal, pp.1-9. Loughnan, A. (2017) The Very Foundations of Any System of Criminal Justice: Criminal Responsibility in the Australian Model Criminal Code, International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 6(3), pp.8-24. Quill, E. and Friel, R. (2016) Damages and Compensation Culture: Comparative Perspectives. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Roy, A. and Marsoof, A. (2017) Negligent omissions as a basis for holding internet intermediaries liable for infringements of trade mark rights: approaches under the English common law,Intellectual Property Quarterly, 1, pp.52-77. Ryan, D. (2017) FROM OPPORTUNITY TO OCCASION: VICARIOUS LIABILITY IN THE HIGH COURT OF AUSTRALIA, The Cambridge Law Journal, 76(1), pp.14-18. Walmsley, S., Abadee, A., Zipser, B., and Sirtes, G. (2015) Professional Liability in Australia. Australia: Thomson Reuters.