How Much Deviation from Religious Doctrine is Acceptable? Essay

Central to any religion is a unified set of beliefs that is shared amongst all its followers. These can range from stories about the origin of the universe or the lives of prophets or other important religious figures to sets of rules governing how you live your daily life. It is these beliefs that define who is a follower of that religion, and deviation from them could result in a person being outcast, persecuted, or even put to death in various areas and time periods. However, these beliefs are by no means universal. Interpretations of religious doctrines may strongly differ even between members of the same religious sect. These issues are very relevant even to non-believers as they have a strong influence on people’s opinions of important social issues, such as gay marriage, abortion, and the teaching of creationism in public schools. We have read about several different and contradictory interpretations of Christian theology in class, and through surveys and discussions we have seen that within our own class members of the same religion vary greatly in their beliefs. An important question then is how much should an individual be allowed to deviate in their beliefs from established doctrine? The answer is not so obvious because once some deviations are allowed it can be not easy to know where to stop. I think it is easier to focus mostly on Christianity in answering this question both because of the material we covered in class and because it is most relevant to America today. It is important to realize that from a historical context religious doctrines are by no means an absolute truth, as many would believe. They have been altered many times in the past and should be able to continue to change with the times. No religion shou... ... arbitrary set of rules. This applies not just to religion but to political and moral ideologies as well. If we really want to seek the truth, I think we could really learn a lot from the Gnostic tradition. Works Cited Bacon, Benjamin W. "The Canon of the New Testament" The Biblical World, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Feb., 1903), Published by: The University of Chicago Press. Web. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3141324?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Cicero , John Ross, and Horace McGregor. The Nature of the Gods. Penguin Classics, 1972. Print. Pagels, Elaine. The Gnostic Gospels, Vintage, 1989. Print. Plato, and Christopher Gill. The Symposium. Penguin Classics, 2003. Print. Weir, Peter. Dead Poets Society. Perf. Robin Williams. Touchstone Pictures, 1989. Arcand, Denys. Jesus of Montreal. Centre National de la Cinà ©matographie, 1990.

Increasing Porosity in Public Spaces

Introduction The connexion between the built and the unbuilt / between the â€Å"indoor† and the â€Å"outdoor†/ between the mass and the nothingness is a really sensitive and problematic subject. The experience of a infinite can be badly affected by the ways its borders are treated, i.e. by commanding how a individual enters/exits the infinite. Transitional experience plays a critical function in overall feel and experience of infinites. Different types of infinites require different types of interventions on their border conditions. A metropolis needs to be imagined as a infinite occupied by diverse sets of people with diverse demands and aspirations. The quality of a metropolis has to be judged by what it offers to its occupants – the right to populate, travel about and work with self-respect and safety. Porosity is one of the many steering factors in planing a infinite, specially public topographic points, which are the cardinal strategic infinites in supplying the area/city its character. Not merely does careful design of such infinites increase the aesthetic quality of the topographic point, but besides plays a major function in increasing the criterions of functionality, safety, quality and many such factors under which a metropolis can be categorised. Porosity, is one spacial quality that can decidedly profit the public infinites, specially in topographic points like Delhi, where the person is acquiring isolated from the community in his attempts to get by up with the gait of life that the metropolis has to offer. Besides, with the increasing spread between the two utmost income groups of the metropolis, the infinites, which are meant to be ‘public’ , cater merely to a certain subdivision of the society, pretermiting those which fail to carry through the ‘entrant requirements’ . Apart from giving infinites back to all the subdivisions of the society, increasing porousness in community infinites can besides move as a step against increasing offense rates in the metropolis, as it opens up the infinite to a larger subdivision of the society. Subject: Porosity in public infinites Research Question: How can porosity in public infinites be increased to heighten their public-service corporation for the society in general? Public Spaces Public infinites are an inevitable constituent of human colonies. Parks, place, roads, beaches, etc are typically considered public infinites. They are the common land for people to interact with others, portion cognition or goods, or carry out their day-to-day rites, be it day-to-day modus operandi or occasional celebrations. By definition, they are infinites that should be accessible to all the members of the society, irrespective of their economic strength. It was stated that: Sing the standard of entree, public infinite is a topographic point which is unfastened to all. This means its resources, the activities that take topographic point in it, and information about it are available to everybody. Refering the standard of bureau, public infinite is a topographic point controlled by â€Å" public histrions † ( i.e. , agents or bureaus that act on behalf of a community, metropolis, commonwealth or province ) and used by â€Å" the populace † ( i.e. , the people in general ) . As for involvement, public infinite is a topographic point which serves the public involvement ( i.e. , its benefits are controlled and received by all members of the society ) ( Akkar, Z 2005 ) . Of class, these definitions refer to an ideal public infinite, while the urban ambiance is non wholly composed of stiffly public and private infinites ; alternatively, it is an merger of public and private infinites with different grades of publicness. Accepting that the relation between public and private infinite is a continuum, it is possible to specify public infinites as holding assorted grades of publicness. Sing the dimensions of entree, histrion and involvement, the extent of publicness will depend on three classs: the grade to which the populace infinite and its resources, every bit good as the activities happening in it and information about it, are available to all ; the grade to which it is managed and controlled by public histrions and used by the populace ; and the grade to which it serves the public involvement. Life in public infinites, non merely has a map in the society as a whole, but it is besides a rich beginning of single amusement, pleasance and drama. One unfavorable judgment of the predominating socio-functional attack towards urban public infinite can be that the person ‘s position is frequently disregarded. To what extent do metropolis inhabitants like to run into other urbanites in public topographic points? Barely any contriver, designer or urban decision maker seems to be interested in that inquiry. Planners and metropolis councils are eager to talk about public infinites as meeting topographic points. They find it an attractive thought to gestate of public infinites as a consolidative component where all sectors of the urban population meet. With the aid of that image they can show their metropoliss as communities, despite all the contrasts and differences. Most societal scientists covering with urban public infinite besides tend to see procedures that take topographic point in the public kingdom as a part to the societal organisation, as a fulfillment of social demands. This top-down-view, nevertheless, neglects the day-to-day user ‘s position. Do metropolis inhabitants wish to acquire together with all their co-urbanites? Everybody who has of all time been in a metropolis knows the reply: no, surely non with everyone. On the other manus, it can non be denied that at least some persons derive great pleasance from being in populace. Whether a infinite will work good depends on a scope of facets that include graduated table, usage, safety and comfort, denseness and links. In many instances it is the person ‘s experience of walking or dancing down a street, and the quality of environment, that is the most of import component. Design so becomes about maximising pick and seeking to supply for different persons ‘ ends. Mitchell, D ( 1995 ) adds another dimension to public infinite by seting frontward the point that public infinites are besides, and really significantly, infinites for representation. That is, public infinite is a topographic point within which a political motion can interest out the infinite that allows it to be seen. In public infinite, political organisations can stand for themselves to a larger population. By claiming infinite in public, by making public infinites, societal groups themselves become public. Merely in public infinites can the homeless, for illustration, represent themselves as a legitimate portion of â€Å" the public† Public sphere is best imag- ined as the suite of establishments and activities that mediate the dealingss between society and the province ( Howell 1993 ) . Problems with public infinites Despite the revival of involvement in public infinites, urban design and be aftering litera- ture has often hinted at the decreasing â€Å" publicness † of public infinites in modern metropoliss. Some research workers have pointed out the menace of recent denationalization policies, and claimed that public infinites, traditionally unfastened to all sections of the population, are progressively being developed and managed by private bureaus to bring forth net income for the private sector and function the involvements of peculiar subdivisions of the population ( Punter, J 1990 ) . Others have commented on the high grade of control now maintained over entree and usage of public infinites through surveillance cameras and other steps intended to better their security ( Reeve, A 1996 ) . Still others have argued that modern-day public infinites progressively serve a â€Å" homogeneous † public and advance â€Å" societal filtering. † These open-access populace infinites are cherished because they enable metropolis occupants to travel approximately and prosecute in diversion and face-to-face communicating. But, because an open-access infinite is one everyone can come in, public infinites are authoritative sites for â€Å" calamity, † to raise Garrett Hardin ‘s celebrated metaphor for a parks ( H, Garrrett 1968, cited Ellickson, R 1996 ) A infinite that all can come in, nevertheless, is a infinite that each is tempted to mistreat. Societies hence impose rules-of-the-road for public infinites. While these regulations are progressively articulated in legal codifications, most begin as informal norms of public etiquette ( Taylor, R 1984, cited Ellickson, R 1996 ) . Rules of proper street behaviors are non an hindrance to freedom, but a foundation of it ( Ellickson, R 1996 ) Oosterman, J ( 1992 ) , in his diary Play and Entertainment in Urban Public Space: The Example of the Sidewalk Cafe , points out that since 1989, several metropoliss and towns in the Netherlands have invested 1000000s of guldens in the design and redesign of place, streets and Parkss. These designs are besides meant to hold a societal impact. Many treatment Sessionss are held about the nature of societal life in urban public infinite and its map in the greater urban society. This is the instance in arguments among policy-makers and contrivers every bit good as among societal scientists and designers. Although the constructs used in these Sessionss do non ever merit a award for lucidity, some features appear through the haze: urban public topographic points should be accessible, or even democratic topographic points. Other participants in the treatment about public infinite do non portion this belief in the possibilities of altering urban society by altering its public infinites. Richard Sennett ( 1990, p.201 ) for illustration is instead pessimistic in his latest book The Conscience of the Eye. People no longer look to be able to get by with the societal and cultural differences of the modern metropolis. They maintain their web of personal dealingss within physically and visibly segregated societal universes: ‘sealed communities ‘ as he calls them. Harmonizing to Sennett, urban public infinites can non bridge the spread between those universes, even though they are supposed to make so. Today one can non open a book about public infinite design without coming across a image of either the Piazza San Marco in Venice or the Campo in Siena: two attractively designed place mentioning to the romantic ideal of free, accessible public infinite, where everybody meets anybody. Comparing their idealistic theoretical account of a ‘real ‘ public infinite with the modern-day metropolis makes writers like Habermas and Sennett instead pessimistic about modern-day urban civilization. The metropolis ‘s urban district is excessively privatized and unaccessible. This pessimism is non surprising. Over clip, the graduated table of society grew, the mobility of the population increased and new agencies of communicating developed and disseminated among the population. These and other conditions led to different claims on urban public infinites Solution? William H. Whyte argues that metropoliss should exercise no controls on â€Å" undesirables, † including mendicants and aggressive flakes. In his words: The biggest individual obstruction to the proviso of better infinites is the undesirables job. They are themselves non excessively much of a job. It is the actions taken to battle them that is the job. â€Å" The people have the right freely to piece together, to confer with for the common good, to do known their sentiments to their representatives and to request for damages of grudges. † In their survey with the Jagori, Kalpana Viswanath and Surabhi Tandon Mehrotra concluded that Women ‘s ability and right to entree and utilize public infinites is dependent on the sorts of boundaries imposed upon them due to nature of the infinite and its use. Therefore holding a assorted use of infinite is more contributing to free and easy entree. Very rigorous districting leads to separation of infinites for life, commercialism and leisure. This increases the likeliness of some infinites being closed to adult females and other vulnerable groups such as kids. For illustration in Delhi, we ( Viswanath, K Mehrotra, S ) found that sellers selling mundane points make a infinite safer, whether in the metro, residential countries or coach Michigans. The local staff of life and egg marketer gave a sense of comfort to adult females who returned place at dark. Similarly sellers provided visible radiation and a crowd around coach Michigans which tend to go progressively empty and dark as it gets subsequently. But this phenomenon of safety provided by the peddlers is non understood by all govt governments. Anjaria, J ( 2006 ) tells the narrative of status of street peddlers in Mumbai. They are often described by civic militants, municipal functionaries and journalists as a â€Å" nuisance † ; and are seen to stand for the pandemonium of the metropolis ‘s streets and the cause of the metropolis ‘s ill-famed congestion. On the other manus, to others they represent an undeserved claim of the hapless on the metropolis ‘s public infinites. This despite the fact that even a casual expression at the metropolis ‘s streets and pathwaies shows that parked, privately-owned autos are by far the metropolis ‘s greatest invaders of public infinite, and the greatest obstructor to the motion of walkers. However. to the self-proclaimed guardians of public infinite, the civic militants and the NGOs set on taking peddlers from the metropolis ‘s streets, these facts a re irrelevant. Vicinity by vicinity, the metropolis ‘s pathwaies must be reconfigured, disorderly pathwaies must be made monofunctional. The offense of the peddler is to belie this dream. And, therefore they have become a â€Å" public nuisance † because, by working on the street, they are engaged in an activity that contradicts the supposed cosmopolitan ideals of the modern public infinite. The inquiry may be how do we convey the ethos of privatized infinite that we have become used to together with the return to more democratic values that many people aspire to for the Millennium? Kath Shonfield in her recent part to the Demos series on the ‘Richness of Cities ‘ ( Shonfield, 1998 ) focuses on public infinite and what she calls the new urbanity. She promotes the ‘urban right to roll ‘ and suggests alteration to urban policy that would include urban rights to entree, widening public entree as a rule of new developments, and re sing the thought of the arcade as an urban design theoretical account to be explored. ( cited Jon, R 1999 ) In order to determine the design, size and signifier of public infinites in town Centres, it is necessary to understand their functions and maps. Public infinites in town Centres can be classified in two wide classs: links and nodes. Linkss are roads, pavings or pedestrianized countries which constitute paths leting motion between land utilizations and attractive forces. Nodes are transverse roads where a figure of links meet in the signifier of public infinites such as market squares or place. There have been different theoretical accounts of gender witting planning adopted by metropoliss to react to violence against adult females and adult females ‘s fright of force. The â€Å" broken Windowss † attack focuses on zero-tolerance to offense, closed circuit telecastings ( CCTV ) and an exclusionary attack to making safer infinites [ Mitchell, D 2003 ] . This attack criminalises certain sorts of people and behaviour such as cheery work forces. The safer communities theoretical account on the other manus, puts forth a vision of doing public infinites safer through activities, land usage, societal mix and affecting users in planing schemes and enterprises for safer public infinites. These are seen to be more contributing to constructing ownership instead than the top-down attack of the â€Å" broken Windowss † . The safer communities initiatives emphasise â€Å" activity, land usage and societal mix † ( Whitzman, C 2006, cited Viswanath, K and Mehrotr a, S 2007 ) Stavros Stavrides ( 2007 ) says: Alternatively of thought of societal individualities as delimited parts one can see them as interdependent and pass oning countries. In an attempt to depict urban infinite as a procedure instead than a series of physical entities, we can detect patterns that oppose a dominant will to repair spacial significances and utilizations. These patterns mould infinite and make new spacial articulations since they tend to bring forth threshold infinites, those mediate countries that relate instead than divide. Urban porousness may be the consequence of such patterns that perforate a secluding margin, supplying us with an alternate theoretical account to the modern metropolis of urban enclaves. A metropolis of thresholds could therefore stand for the spatial property of a public civilization of reciprocally cognizant, mutualist and involved individualities. Walter Benjamin, in his essay entitled â€Å" Naples, † explored the thought of verve and assortment in the modern metropolis. The porous stones of Naples offered him an image for a city’s public life: â€Å"As porous as this rock is the architecture. Building and action interpenetrate in the courtyards, arcades and stairways† ( Benjamin, W 1985 ) . Porosity seems to depict, in this transition, the manner in which urban infinite is performed in the procedure of being appropriated ( Sennett 1995 ) . It is non that action is contained in infinite. Rather, a rich web of patterns transforms every available infinite into a possible theatre of expressive Acts of the Apostless of brush. A â€Å"passion for improvisation† as Benjamin describes this public behaviour, penetrates and articulates urban infinite, loosening socially programmed correspondences between map and topographic point. Porosity is therefore an indispensable feature of infinite in Naples because life in the metropolis is full of Acts of the Apostless that overflow into each other. Defying any clear limit, infinites are separated and at the same time connected by porous boundaries, through which mundane life takes signifier in reciprocally dependent public public presentations. Therefore, â€Å"just as the life room reappears on the street, with chairs, fireplace and communion table, so, merely much more aloud, the street migrates into the life room† ( Benjamin 1985 ) . Porosity characterizes above all the relationship between private and public infinite, every bit good as the relationship between indoor and out-of-door infinite. For Benjamin porousness is non limited to spacial experience. Urban life is non merely located in infinites that communicate through transitions ( â€Å"pores† ) , but life is performed in a pacing that fails to wholly separate Acts of the Apostless or events. A temporal porousness is experienced while eating in the street, taking a sl eep in a fly-by-night corner, or imbibing a speedy espresso standing in a Neapolitan cafe . It is as if Acts of the Apostless are both detached and connected through temporal transitions that represent the unstable fugitive experience of juncture. Everyday occasions therefore seem to switch and rearrange beat and paths of usage ( de Certeau 1984 ) . merely located in infinites that communicate through transitions ( â€Å"pores† ) , but life is performed in a pacing that fails to wholly separate Acts of the Apostless or events. A temporal porousness is experienced while eating in the street, taking a sleep in a fly-by-night corner, or imbibing a speedy espresso. It is as if Acts of the Apostless are both detached and connected through temporal transitions that represent the unstable fugitive experience of juncture. Everyday occasions therefore seem to switch and rearrange beat and paths of usage ( de Certeau 1984, cited Stavrides, S 2007 ) Harmonizing to Starvides, Porosity may hence be considered an experience of habitation, which articulates urban life while it besides loosens the boundary lines which are erected to continue a rigorous spatial and temporal societal order. Thresholds, therefore play an of import function in happening the drama of connexion and sepration between infinites. A survey of thresholds can assist uncover the existent correspondence and mutuality between spacial individualities. In post-colonial Asiatic metropoliss like Hong Kong similar conditions of urban porousness exist. Hong Kong ‘s urban environment is devoid of the cultural conditions that mark the traditional â€Å" universe metropoliss † of the West. There are no memorable public infinites, no refined residential cloth, and no model memorials to religion, political relations, art, cognition or civilization. â€Å"Urban life in Hong Kong is traditionally additive in signifier. The functions of Parkss, plaza and gardens in Hong Kong take on maps that alteration with the clip of the twenty-four hours. They are by nature multipurpose infinites, festival evidences, concert sites, and jury-rigged athleticss spheres. While these unfastened infinites are to the full utilized in cardinal times, they lack any individuality and are normally wastes and lifeless when non in use.† ( Lu, L 2005 ) 1

Sociology Key Concepts

My Understanding Of The Bible - 934 Words

My understanding of the bible is that it has changed over years. From floods, burning bushes, sea parting, Adam and eve, and god talking to men. The bible has changed the world s view, not every human being believes in the bible. They may see it in a secular point of view, and just think the bible is just made up stories. But others may see it as a guide, manual, the right way Christians but don t live a life of a Christian. This is really something that happens globally for example churches people tend to only want to be told the positive but not the negative, all things should be taught without sugarcoating it. This is called secular humanism, majority of Christians even myself is a secular humanist. Many people drink, smoke, and do ungodly things and when they are questioned about they refer it back to the bible by saying where in the bible does it say that? Which is true where does it say that? 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Steroids Essay - 950 Words

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I also needed to have a topic that relates to my service learning project. This is helping coach a high school track and field team. And as you will read later, I talk about steroids with high school athletes. I also wanted to improve my knowledge on theRead More Steroids Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pages What are Steroids? Until the year 1935 scientists never knew that testosterone steroids were associated with an increase in muscle production. During the next two years scientists found through research with dogs that in certain circumstances steroids had an increase on muscle mass production. There are three major divisions of steroids: corticosteroids, estrogens and progestogens, androgens. Corticosteroids are found in both prescription and non-prescription creams that are used to control rashes

Analysis of the Leadership Style of President Obama free essay sample

President Barack Obama seems to be a transformational leader who wants to achieve a deep change and mobilises therefore a lot of followers. In his election campaign he had three principles: Respect! Empower! Include! He said â€Å"It’s not about me, it’s about you! †. The people felt attracted to Obama and were sure that he will be the perfect President. He received so many donations for his campaign like no president before in the history of the United Stated. He benefited from the big advantage that the people were very dissatisfied with George W. Bush and that they wanted a political change. On the one hand he used social networks and he got in with the young people. On the other hand he managed that everyone felt as a part of the system and hence an incredible enthusiasm was created. The people began to commit with Obama and started to work for him in his so-called Workforce during his election campaign. He did it in the right way while giving them the opportunity to do what they could do best. Slogans like â€Å"Yes, we can! † and â€Å"Change, we can believe in! † underpinned his intention of a radical change, the healing of the sorrows of the Americans and the promise for a better life. But in his time in office turned out that he has still to improve some of his attributes to be a transformational leader. He made some mistakes e. g. in the health insurance reform because he was not so personal like everyone expected. President Obama is not yet a transformational leader like John F. Kennedy or Martin Luther King but in various situations he proved that he has a lot of characteristics of this kind of leader. 1. Introduction The election campaign of Barack Obama from November 2007 to November 2008 was not a normal campaign it was different. He stated in inaugural speech 2008 that a â€Å"new dawn of American leadership is at hand† (Abcnews 2008). The big question is what was different to other campaigns. Was he really a new kind of leader or only another politician? What kind of leadership style did he use and is he still using? This analysis will show which leadership style Barack Obama used in his election campaign from autumn 2007 to November 2008 and how he approached his goals, roles and key tasks. Furthermore it will show if the start of the â€Å"new American leadership† really happened and hether he set a focus on team leadership as well. The analysis is underpinned with the theory of transformational leadership. In the first part of the analysis there will be a detailed definition of the transformational leadership theory. After that there will be an extensive explanation of all the different styles of a transformational leader and afterwards a short definition of the charismatic style of leadership. These theories were selected as they are mentioned numerously in the literature, in the news or in the internet if searching for the leadership style of President Barack Obama. Consequently they will be the base for this survey and will help to expose what kind of leader Obama really is. In the second part of the analysis the theories will be applied to the practice. It will be examined how Obama met the theories and what type of transformational leader he is. Furthermore it will be analysed in detail how he lead his election campaign. At the end of this paper there will be a conclusion with a short summary of the results and some comments on how Barack Obama could improve his leadership style. 2. Analysis A transformational leader recognizes a required deep change and accomplishes a vision to control this change. In normal cases he leads with inspiration and realise the changes with the support of other people who are convinced of the change (Marshall 2011). He has a vision of a better society and his beliefs are based on so-called end-values like freedom, equality and fairness. As a result the leader has to be very active to reach his aims and motives. He identifies the needs of potential followers and goes one step further on. He recognizes higher needs of his followers to engage them completely (Rosenberger 2005). Furthermore he is part of the process to reach the goals and the motives and integrates his followers in this process entirely. He forms – based on values – the political process, mobilises supporters and reacts to the hopes of the followers. If he is doing this well they will relate to the transformational leader and support him on his way. One important fact in this case is that the leader and his followers have to be inseparably connected so that their motivation to reach their goals rises in both (Rosenberger 2005). On top of that Burns (1979) differentiates seven different transformational leader characters: heroic, ideological, intellectual, revolutionary, creative, moral and reform leader. The heroic leadership implies a harmonic relationship between the leader and his followers. Normally it is characterized by a direct contact, e. g. shake hands when the leader is in public. They are especially in societies which are marked by a crisis or a big change. A major point is the non-attendance of a conflict (Lowney 2005). The ideological leader phrases political aims based on a certain ideology. He has a deep persuasion of this worldview and has a clear borderline to the principles of other political groups. The followers know exactly with who they are dealing with (Boal 2006). The intellectual leader is bringing new ideas into the society. He is part of the existing system, criticises and wants to change it. He analysis the established circumstances and creates a vision about prospective and better conditions (Money-Zine 2011). The revolutionary leader wants a complete change of the established social system. He overturns the current system, creates an entire new system and reconstructs the economy, law, medicine and so on (Burns 1979). The creative leader is setting new standards, creates new principles and communicates this to his potential followers. The main difference to the revolutionary leader is that the leader creates something complete new. He has to underpin the ideas with specific politic projects (Rosenberger 2005). The moral leader has to have a relationship to his followers which is based on shared needs, expectations and values. He has to transform these needs, expectations and values so that they are able to see changes (Burns 1979). The reform leader aspires after realising a reform process. He wants to transform the social circumstances and changes something in the established system (Rosenberger 2005). Aside from that the transformational leadership is also known as charismatic leadership. A charismatic leader is dominant, visionary, charismatic, self-confident, is recognized as an agent of change, has the talent to influence other people with inspiring speeches and an intense sense of the moral values of them. A charismatic leader has – as the name implies – charisma. This quality enables a leader to get the support of the voters and the public assistance. Some famous charismatic leaders were John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan or Martin Luther King (Articlesbase 2009). There are a lot of behaviours what describe how the charismatic leader mobilises his followers, e. g. that he articulates a vision in a strong and meaningful message, has high expectations, gives confidence to his supporters, builds identification with his organization or rather his person (Coggins 2009). Barack Obama and his election campaign is a perfect example of the implementation of the transformational leadership. The success that Obama was elected as president was because of his excellent team surrounding him and the systematic implementation of their three principles: Respect! Empower! Include! (Stronger Unions 2009). The so-called â€Å"campaign of change† mobilised nearly 6 million followers within only one year. Obama and his team received donations in the amount of over 650 million US dollar. Not only the amount of the money was very respectable but also that more than half of the donations were from single persons who spend under 250 US dollar each. Never before in the history were people spending more money for a political campaign (Associated Content 2009). What did he do different? How did President Obama mobilise so many followers? He requested the people to be committed with the political topics which they were interested in. â€Å"It’s not about me. It’s about you! † (The Washington Times 2009). He invited everyone to get involved however they want. Some people supported the campaign over the phone, some went from door to door, some provided their living rooms, their kitchens, their garages or their phones, some baked cakes and sold them in the cities and some were involved as security forces at public assemblies. Moreover they organised private call centre and wrote innumerable letters or appeals for donations and donated a lot of money themselves. Everyone could do what he was able to do best and for what he had time for. Hence President Obama believed in the performance capability of the people and gave them the framework to develop themselves. This was underpinned with the word â€Å"Respect! † and â€Å"Empower! †. The word â€Å"Include! † described the identification with the main aim and the feeling to be welcome in the team. Nobody was forced to be part of the â€Å"Obama campaign† (Wirtschaftspsychologischer Dienst 2011). Obama knew that the he could reach the best results when the people would have fun at work. The intrinsic motivation of the most followers was the change of the political climate and the government. â€Å"We are fed up with bush! † (Undiplomatic 2008). He managed that everyone felt to be a part of the system. Indeed is the influence of each voter not really high but in normal cases is everyone searching for followers and tries to influence his family, his neighbourhood, his friends or his colleagues. In times of social networks is the word-of-mouth recommendation still higher and all these steps were the beginning of the so-called â€Å"Workforce† of Barack Obama with him as the top (Dr. Blaschka Consulting GmbH 2011). But he also made some mistakes in his transformational leadership style, for example dealing with the big issue of the health care insurance for everyone in the United States. He saw this problem and invested a lot of power and time in it but he made some mistakes. A lot of reporters stated that Obama allocated the work of convincing the people to the congressional leaders. He should have campaigned more personal. This topic was one of the largest issues in his time in office and he was not the engaged leader as everyone expected him to be. Furthermore the news published that he did not used the power of his office to receive the required votes. In normal cases transformational leaders are using every possibility to reach the change. Barack Obama is a mixture of a heroic, an intellectual, a moral and a reform leader. He has of each of the four types a few characteristics. First of all he has a lot attributes of a heroic leader. He has a very good relationship to his followers and mobilised a lot of them like stated above. Obama went to the late night show of Jay Leno, showed attendance at a lot basketball games and establishes a good reputation in the Latino community because he appeared a few times on Spanish language television. To sum up he has a very close contact to his followers and you can see him nearly every day in the public view. His appearance acts supportive to his heroic leadership style. He is clever and comes across well on camera. His approval rating in America is over 50% and the people think that he is well-suited for a 21st century president (Hubpages 2010). Furthermore he is not only connected to the people in the US. In 2008 he has been to Germany and delivered a speech to over 200. 000 people. The people think that he is a real heroic leader and he has nothing but the interests of the people and the nation on his mind (Garbijman 2009). In the second place he is in one sense also an intellectual leader. Already before he decided to be a politician he was eloquent, wrote books and some people said that he wrote like a philosopher or poet. He brought a lot of new ideas into the government and created a vision which the people loved. A leader who is doing this has to be intelligent or rather sophisticated (Dr. Blaschka Consulting GmbH 2011). In the third place President Obama has a lot of characteristics of a moral leader. He even formulated a moral leadership for the US. He bets on the so-called â€Å"soft power†, i. e. the power of the classic diplomacy, the power of a good example and the power of mutual respect. This also includes the international relationships, e. g. with the United Nations. He delivered speeches in Cairo and Prague, made an offer for reconciliation to the Moslems and has still the vision of a multipolar and nuclear-free world. Since he made these things Russia for example renegotiated with the USA because they stated that they are willing again to hear what Barack Obama has to say (Stern 2009). Finally the fourth transformational leadership style of President Obama is that of the reform leader. In 2009 he started to promote his health insurance reform. On the one hand he spoke to the people in America. He delivered speeches, was present at town meetings and gave a lot of interviews in different TV shows. He argued to the people with a lot of different reasons. He said for example that there will be a reduction of expenses in the long term or an insurance coverage for so many people as possible. In addition to this he said to those people who are not able to pay they will get help and those who are satisfied with the current coverage will only get a premium reduction. On the other hand he spoke to the lawmakers, in most times in one-on-one discussions. His brilliant public power of persuasion encouraged the people to agree to the reform of President Obama. He performed as an excellent reform leader to establish the health insurance reform in the United States (Associated Content 2009). The charismatic leadership style is one of the most discussed topics on Barack Obama. In his election campaign he created an incredible enthusiasm at the young people in America. He played the role of something like a â€Å"regenerative healer† (Articlesbase 2009). He said in different speeches that schools in America are crumbling, that millions of people in the United States are having a lot of problems in their life like high invoices for gas or no health insurance. He continued and said that they are in need of a political reformation and if he is allowed to do this, they will leave behind a stronger America to their children. Based on these statements he formed the slogans â€Å"Yes, we can! † and â€Å"Change, we can believe in! †. In other words his charismatic leadership was underpinned with the belief of a radical change, the healing of their sorrows in America and the promise for a better life. But he did not only prove his charismatic leadership style in his election campaign. Since he has been elected as President he stays accessible to the citizens in the US. He often shows himself in the internet media like Youtube, Facebook or MySpace and is thereby connected to the younger generation. Further on he travels abroad a lot – more than any President before and he visited more than 85 public events just in his first 100 days in office (Coggins 2009). President Obama has this attribute that he does not use an authoritarian or a conservative leadership style; he has intuition and is sympathetic so that he convinces people with his incredible persuasive speeches and his characteristics. The big question for the future is if he is able to accomplish all of his promises and in which way he will do the promised change in America (Articlesbase 2009). 3. Conclusion Barack Obama inspired a lot of people with his election to be the President of the United States of America. Everybody knows that he is a transformational character in the world scene but this paper analysed more precisely if he is also a transformational leader. Especially in his election campaign he showed a lot of transformational leadership abilities. A lot of people compared him with leading figures like John F. Kennedy or Martin Luther King. He mobilised a lot of followers with his convincing speeches and his charisma who donated so much money like never before in a political campaign. The people began to commit with Obama and started to work for him in his so-called Workforce. He did it in the right way while giving them the opportunity to do what they could do best. Furthermore he convinced the American people by talking about change and a new America. He used the unpopularity of the Bush government and knew that everyone wanted to a have this change. But going forward to his time in office he made some mistakes for a transformational leader, e. g. in the health insurance reform. He has to solve some problems more personally and has to be closer to the public. If he is able to re-integrate the people in his leadership and engage them like he did it in times of his election campaign, he will be more a transformational leader. Therefore it can be said in summary that President Barack Obama is not yet a complete transformational leader. The overall impression shows that he is on the right way and has a lot of good characteristics as he has shown in his election campaign from autumn 2007 to November 2008. But in his time in office turned out that he has still to improve some of his attributes to be this transformational leader.

Project Management Transactions on Engineering

Question: Discuss about the Project Management for Transactions on Engineering. Answer: Introduction Project is a temporary aspect that is decided to be done within a certain time limit. A project defines some scope and resources (Allen, 2014). Project is specifically defined as the particular aspect that does not consists of some specific routine operations but have a particular set of operations that have specific goal. One project may consider their member from different geographic regions with no similarities within them. The definition of project management is: it is the application of skills, knowledge, techniques and tools to meet the project requirements according to the goal decided by the team members of the project (Hodgson Paton, 2016). In addition to this, the project manager plays a great role in case of managing the project. The role of the project managers highlights many success factors in case of project management. Their roles and responsibilities vary according to the environment and context of the project changes. This essay is elaborating the role of the project managers in the project management with respect to different environment and contexts. The processes centralizing the ideologies used in a project are the core responsibility of the project manager. Role of the project manager A project manager is very important part of any project. The total aspect is not only controlled but also arranged in a proper sequence of work that will help the project to gain success (Kerzner, 2013). In contrast with this aspect the various roles and responsibilities of the project manager should have to be discussed with respect to the project management (Chipulu et al., 2013). According to Mintzbergs management roles there are manly three roles that can be specified for the project managers: interpersonal roles, informational roles and decisional roles. Interpersonal role: These roles are concerned with the roles and responsibilities of the manager with respect to the relations and behaviour they present in front of individuals. According to the name of the significant role it explains nature and behaviour of the leader while considering the communication and contacts of them (Medina Medina, 2014). There are mainly there interpersonal roles that justify a project managers character. Figurehead: the symbolic social and legal duties are represented by this interpersonal role of the project manager. All of the social, inspirational, legal and ceremonial obligations are considered as the figurehead (Bredillet et al., 2015). According to this context, the manager is considered as the symbol of authority and status. Leader: It is the duty of the leader to make proper communication with their employees and build good relationship with them to provide them motivation and support in their work field (Mossalam Arafa, 2015). The duty is concerned as the heart of the manager- subordinate relationship and includes structuring and motivating subordinates. Recognition of promotional factors, supply of proper motivational aspect and proper balancing of the team effectiveness must be the intentions of the leader. Liaison: This aspect is concerned with maintaining the contacts with the people outside the work environment. This process is mainly utilized for gathering more information from the people working outside of the work environment (Burke, 2013). The knowledge base of project managers is improvised by engaging with the outside network of the work environment. Informational role: This role of the project manager introduces collection, dissemination and receiving of the information from various resources (Gonzlez et al., 2016). There are three crucial informational roles of the project managers. These are explained as follows. Monitor: Monitoring techniques are concerned with the external and internal information about issues that may affect the organizational goals and objectives. Duties of the project manager in this role are to recognize the organizational problems as well as opportunities that the company may utilize to improve (Gacasan et al., 2016). Disseminator and spokesperson: Disseminators transmits the information to the internal sources of organization and the spokesperson transmits the information to the external resources of the organisation. Decisional role: This role of the project manager is concerned with the making choices. The interpersonal role of the manager leads to the decisional role (Kelly et al., 2013). There are total four decisional roles of project managers, these are explained as follows. Entrepreneur: The entrepreneur is defined as the designer, initiator and encourages a change towards the way of innovation (Marion Jr et al., 2014). This encourages the entrepreneur to innovate thee project design and achieve the success. Disturbance handler: The unexpected situation the organization faces during any operation management process the disturbances handler role manages these difficulties (Sadeghi et al., 2014). It is generalized role of the project manager that takes the charge when the company is facing trouble. Resource allocator: The project manager is also considered as the resource allocator of concerned organization. This role operates time management, funding, human resource and other significant changes (Allen, 2014). This role helps the project manager to improve the financial condition as well as the condition of the organization. Negotiator: Negotiation is one of the most important roles of the project manager that improvise the areas of responsibility of the project manager (Haughey, 2013). This is one of the integral characteristic for the project manager. Role of a project manager in various environments and contexts In the contemporary time the role of the project manager is crucial for developing any project, it may be any kind sector such as: international or virtual projects, IT project or small and mid size business projects. Each of these projects involves the role of project within it (Hodgson Paton, 2016). The concerned description about the role of the project manager is described in this part of the essay that comprised of the three project environments. These environments are: international and virtual environment, IT sector and small and mid size business environment. Virtual and international business environment: In case of the international and virtual project management the importance of the project manager mitigates the cultural differences between the different organizations (Kerzner, 2013). These cultural difference impacts on the team-building and goal setting of the project. It is also important to look into the matter concerned with the self- direction of the team. The nature of the international projects needs to focus on the communication and risk assessment techniques related to the project (Chipulu et al., 2013). The empirical research did on the role of thee project manager shows that they play a great role in solving these problems with the help of their skills and knowledge. In case of the international projects there are not only the cultural differences but also there are differences in mind sets that affect the goal orientation of the project (Medina Medina, 2014). Problems related to languages and concepts about the work culture sometimes make the employees uncomfortable and inefficient during their work that harms the total project. To solve these problems the project manager should have proper skill and knowledge of tackling the people by mitigating their demands as well as by maintaining the objectives of the project (Bredillet et al., 2015). These aspect leads to the success of the project. The motivational and inspirational perspective of the project manager leads guide the employees for getting their work done in proper and right way that leads to the success of the project (Mos salam Arafa, 2015). The cultural norms and values of the individual member of the any project should be considered first by the project manager (Burke, 2013). This aspect leads to the proper team building by the project manager. The project manager utilizes several protocols for solving the problems raised within the project. Role of the Project Manager in IT Project Management: IT project management is concerned with the software development, hardware installation, up-gradation of the networks, cloud computing, virtualization rollouts and management of data. These aspects provide the proper knowledge to the project manager for the development and implementation of the process needed for the project (Gonzlez et al., 2016). There are several aspects that may affect the success of the project, such as: change in the infrastructure, updated software and hardware set-up and risks factors that are involved in the progress of the project. The new arrived technological perspectives are not introduced to many organizations, so the project leaders of those organizations should be aware of the development procedure of those technologies within their organization or project groups (Gacasan et al., 2016). The project manager of any IT project should have the knowledge of following aspects to guide the project properl y. Role of the project manager in Initiation stage: It is the duty of the project manager to establish a well structured project. In this stage the project charter is created by the project manager. Role of the project manager in planning stage: The project manager takes decisional steps to choose software and hardware set-ups in this stage with consulting with their project members that provides the project a successful conclusion (Kelly et al., 2013). Role of the project manager in Execution stage: The project planning stage introduces the execution stage of the project. The project manger guides the project member for creating the deliverables needed to build the IT infrastructure of the project (Marion Jr et al., 2014). If the project needs the project planning stage further then the project manager transfer the project to the planning stage to the planning stage from the execution stage. Role of the project manager in controlling and monitoring the project: The project manager has the responsibility to check the progress of the progress of the project at each stage of the project (Sadeghi et al., 2014). The scope, quality and risks are assessed by the project managers in this stage. Role of the project manager in closing the project: At the last stage of the project it is the duty of the project manager to check the feasibility of the project through the IT infrastructure set- up. Role of the project manager in small to medium sized company: Small scale and medium size industries plays a great role in case of the economic development of ay country or any organization (Allen, 2014). Therefore the project management should be to some extent effective to provide better economic development. According to the research done on the small and medium sized industries, it is found that they dont spend more turnovers on their project management tools. This is because their companies are small as well as their projects are. Therefore, the project manager of the small and medium scale industries should have to be more skilled in order to use the project management tools within a certain amount of cost that the small scale industries can bear (Marion Jr et al., 2014). Innovative ideas and improvisation of the project management techniques leads to the development of the small and medium size industries. There are several project management tools that can improvise the situa tion of the small scale industries (Gonzlez et al., 2016). The project manager should focus in these perspectives for developing their projects as well as their industry. The above mentioned perspective helps the project manager to improve the project management techniques with the small and medium sized enterprises. Conclusion Project management is defined as the regulated and goal oriented plan for establishing any objectives with respect to the demands of any concerned organization. In addition to this, project manager play a great role in case project management. The role of the project manager clarifies the goals and objectives of the project as well as improvises the internal and external relationships needed for the development of the organization. A project manager utilizes their power, skill knowledge and experience to gather support for the organizational development. These roles of the project manager differs when the environment and context is changed. This essay has elaborated the specific roles important for the project manager to manage a project specifically and obtain the results. 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P., Wiggins, M. W., Searle, B. J. (2016). The role of cues in expert project manager sensemaking.Construction Management and Economics, 1-16. Gonzlez, G. E. G., Coronado, C. A. L., Casas, G. H. P. (2016). Project Manager Profile Characterization in Energy Sector.International Journal of Information Technology Project Management (IJITPM),7(4), 64-84. Haughey, D. (2013). The Role of the Project Manager.Project Smart UK. Retrieved online,4. Hodgson, D. E., Paton, S. (2016). Understanding the professional project manager: cosmopolitans, locals and identity work.International Journal of Project Management,34(2), 352-364. Kelly, N., Edkins, A. J., Smyth, H., Konstantinou, E. (2013). Reinventing the role of the project manager in mobilising knowledge in construction.International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,6(4), 654-673. Kerzner, H. R. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Marion Jr, J. W., Richardson, T. 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