Women in Bollywood

Film is by one way or another a portrayal of reality. The films created mirror a nation’s culture and the transaction of its residents inside the general public. Such exchange is the job of a man and a lady in India. Film in India is the biggest beneficial film industry on the planet. Known as Bollywood, Indians can make films which depict the Indian’s lifestyle, advance their feeling of personality, and their patriotism. By seeing Indian movies, one can have the general thought of the Indian culture. Ladies, specifically, are plainly depicted in Bollywood.There are thoughts of what a ‘good’ and a ‘bad’ lady is. The activities of ladies portrayed in the movies additionally make standards on how ladies are set in the general public. Much the same as movies from different nations, Bollywood have generally anticipated ladies in a normalize character (Mishra, 2002, p. xix). Despite the fact that the Indian culture develops as per present day times, ladies portrayal in films by one way or another has been exemplified inside the standards. Two of the smash hit Hindi motion pictures that positively shaped Bollywood Cinema have ladies as the primary character.Mother India (1957) and Hum Aapke Hain Kaun (1994), both are outstanding works in the Indian film industry. The previous being a sensational film and the last mentioned, a rom-com joined with melodic. These two movies introduced ladies who are limited by the customs of the general public and how they responded to it. Both of the movies related to the idea of India’s perfect lady. As courageous women from the two motion pictures spun around various condition and time span, they were portrayed as the ladies shaped into the conventions of Indian culture. These customs lead to the films’ delineation of India’s nationalism.As what Thomas referenced in her exposition (1989) about India’s battle for opportunity as movies: Since it initially developed wit h regards to pilgrim India’s battle for autonomy, Indian film, for various reasons, has been worried about building a thought of Indian social and national character. This has included drawing on ideas, for example, â€Å"traditions†. (p. 11) Mother India is a film that has a heavier plot than that of the Hum Aapke Hain Kaun. Radha, the female hero confronted a ton of good and social battles as the story progress.Her individual job as a mother clashed with her open obligation as a lady. As a young lady who wedded the man she adores, she was typified in the obedient job of a spouse. Radha satisfied the customary spouse obligations as her husband’s friend and assistant at work. Radha is one of the most unique characters in Bollywood. Her adjustment in mentalities over the span of the film was essential as emotional circumstances happened in her story. The progressions that occurred in Radha’s character are two inverse characters of a woman.From the bashful, recently wedded young lady she changed into a self-subordinate single parent who endeavored to maintain the pride of her kids and their way of life. Her marriage with Shamu made her a submitted and gave spouse to him. She is consistently next to him particularly when working. Notwithstanding, as catastrophe followed Shamu getting crippled came about into his choice to leave his family, Radha’s job as a mother must be underlined. Her hesitancy transformed into a solid, bold lady who constructed her family inside honorable good grounds.With this sort of dynamism, Radha was portrayed as an influential lady. The character of an engaged and autonomous lady was uncommon in Indian film at the time Mother India was discharged. This sort of depiction carried Radha with goddess-like highlights as a result of suffering so much battles and conquering tribulations. Radha was one of only a handful barely any anecdotal female characters delineated in a courageous way. The progression of Ra dha’s story is very comparable with the goddess Sita. Radha who persevered through the difficult work along with her significant other simply like what Sita did when she surrendered wealth to join her better half in exile.Both of them persevered through the difficulties of bringing up their kids alone. In spite of the fact that them two may have been depicted as fragile and shy, they ooze quality particularly in the most testing part of their lives. The devotion and modesty of the goddess can be seen on the scene where Radha denied Sukhilal’s offer of marriage. Maintaining her modesty implied keeping up the nobility of their family in spite of their circumstance of neediness. Radha consistently reminded her children to carry on with a real existence inside good standards and to fill in as productive members of society of their village.The virtue was for her as well as for her family’s name. Her children turned into the expansion of keeping up that virtue in spit e of their difficulty throughout everyday life. Another goddess related with Radha is the goddess Kali. The goddess is portrayed as the â€Å"fierce, enthusiastic goddess of both life and destruction† (Thorner, Raj and Trust, 2000, p. 97). The savagery of the goddess can be seen when Radha forcefully declined Sukhilal’s enchantment and nearly caused ruin inside his home. The trait of Kali’s decimation can be distinguished in the occasion when Radha shot her most loved son.There was a battle inside Radha to be a decent mother or to be a reputable resident. Birju neglected to maintain what his mom have imparted to them and along these lines, Radha chose to take his life to keep up the respect of the family. The relationship of Radha with Kali has been additionally supported by Rosie Thomas. Concentrating on the encounters of men closer to Radha, Thomas showed Radha’s goddess highlight of discipline. Her delineation on the film holding substantial hatchet an d scoop that she utilizes for ranch work depicted her as a tough lady that is fit for rebuffing if things doesn't go right (Thomas, 1989, p.17). The unimportant relationship of men with Radha made the men on the film be fairly pulverized. Thomas portrayed this demolition as an ascribe to Radha being contrasted with Kali: She slaughters her preferred child; her better half loses the two arms (and verifiably his manliness)†¦the wretched Sukhilal end up canvassed in cotton lighten, falling down like a wicked baby as she beats him with a major stick†¦Thus, she is both venerator of men and revered by them as devi (goddess) and maa (mother), and she is, thusly, needing men’s insurance and a defender and destroyer of men. (p.16) The character of Radha can be a remarkable opposite for the delineation of Nisha in Hum Aapke Hain Kaun. This is a lighthearted comedy family-situated film. In the event that Mother India generally depicted the job of the lady in a general public, Hum Aapke Hain Kaun demonstrated women’s place inside the structure of the family. Indian conventions are plainly stressed on the film particularly in the commitment and wedding services (Hirji, 2005). In spite of the fact that the plot in the film comprises of light dramatization, the basic job of the ladies in a common Indian family suggests how ladies are in genuine life.The ladies in this film are limited by family customs which implied that each choice in the family should originate from the male individual from the family. The game plan that was made between Mr. Kailashnath and Mr. Siddharth for Pooja and Rajesh’s wedding made it clear. This scene demonstrated that family choices should run and the standard comes for the most part from the male individuals. Ladies in Hum Aapke Hain Kaun are depicted as loyal and faithful. Nisha, the more youthful sister of Pooja, is the lady who is given spotlight on the film. She is depicted in the film as an energetic prankster and bright woman.As each lady in India, she is profoundly joined with her family and it is found in her relationship with her sister whom she’s nearest with. In the end, Nisha’s relationship with Prem will be significantly influenced by her relationship with her family. Like Radha, Nisha encountered a progress inside her character. In spite of the fact that Radha is more mind boggling, Nisha’s progress can be seen from being a joyful young lady to a lady that needs to satisfy her family’s customs. This is increasingly obvious when Prem and Nisha yielded their adoration with the goal that she could wed Prem’s sibling after Pooja’s death.The lady apparently gives up her own desires and wants to withstand her obligations in her family. This part of ladies in Indian culture gave similitudes the goddess that was contrasted and Mother India. Beside being faithful and maintaining her celibacy, the goddess Sita is a committed and devoted lady to he r children and to her better half. This element is clear on the simple acknowledgment of Pooja with the game plan of marriage with Rajesh. The marriage was organized by two of the most elevated male specialists of the two families and the film depicted that the choice to wed was a last thing to do.Shedding off whatever fascination that may have happened when they were presented, a complaint for the marriage from either Pooja or Rajesh didn't exist for their dads. Then again, Nisha †notwithstanding her affections for Prem †chose to wed Rajesh for her nephew and her dead sister. Despite the fact that it was without wanting to, she chose to take the course of being hitched to her brother by marriage. This occasion, as a feature of her change, demonstrated Nisha turning into a perfect lady who yielded and complied with her family.Like the goddess Sita who permitted Rama to banish her, Nisha consented to her family’s demand regardless of whether it involved to surrender her affection for Prem. This film indicated the Indian customs seeing Nisha as a courageous woman who â€Å"would never put her own fantasies in front of the goals and wants of her family or men† (Ghose, 2006, p. 5). The moderate lady who thinks of her as self as a subsequent need is the thing that intrigue as a perfect lady. Nisha is a decent lady with a liberal heart that can be contrasted with the devoted goddess Sita who is the encapsulation of how Indian ladies are raised.On the opposite, the inverse

Importance Of Culture Within Organizations â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is The Importance Of Culture Within Organizations? Answer: Presentation From the premise of this task, I have increased a great deal of aptitudes and information to comprehend about the significance of culture inside the associations. In view of the information and data present in the task, I comprehended that keeping up a decent culture can help in improving the exhibitions of the laborers of the association. The pioneers and chiefs do hold the duties to make a decent culture inside the work environment for making great working conditions for the representatives. This will bring about making a solid workforce that can contribute to a great extent to the authoritative productivity and drive the financial presentation and creation level of the association (Alvesson and Sveningsson, 2015). From this diary, I have comprehended that a solid culture advances elite of laborers and propels them, which upgrades their work proficiency and takes into consideration expanding the financial presentation as well. A decent and steady culture kept up inside associations can likewise help in propelling the laborers and urge them to perform to the potential and carry out wanted positive results easily and adequacy. Frequently organizations face challenges in making a decent culture inside association and this crumbles the hierarchical exhibition to a great extent as well. The point centers around how setting up a decent culture can drive representative execution and upgrade creation level and proficiency of the association (Nica, 2013). This would likewise make a positive brand picture and personality and make faithful clients viably. The creation level of the association relies upon the inspiration and consolation of representatives done by the administrators and pioneers of the association. Every single organization keeps up certain qualities, morals and convictions and all the representatives working there must follow those for making great culture and advance great working conditions inside the hierarchical condition (Hogan and Coote, 2014). From this diary, I have picked up information and comprehension about the development openings, government disability, advancement of occupation, rewards gave to workers to persuading their practices, oversee acknowledgment and evaluation of exhibitions, which are all liable for building up a decent culture inside the association. This would assist me with progressing sin my expert vocation later on as well. As the theme is centered around the making of a hierarchical culture, so with appropriate information and data got during my examination, I would have the option to proceed as a decent pioneer to make a decent culture and keep representatives inspired for bringing the best creation level. The standards and guidelines ought to be known to them with the goal that they can inspire themselves just as others to perform to their latent capacity. All these pertinent data and information has permitted me t go past limits and improve my scholastics and expert vocation effortlessly. The le arning and acquiring abilities and skill will likewise manage me to do well in my tests and accomplish my vocation destinations. All the guidelines and guidelines of the association are trailed by me which have made me enough skilful and all these learning have made enormous effect on my own life as well. I have secured immense region of the point by experiencing different optional sources like diaries, articles and sites for leading the examination viably. In light of the information introduced in the article Egan et al. 2004, I comprehended the most significant parts of authoritative culture and how it has made a positive effect on the improvement of working conditions and exhibitions of representatives as well. Inside the dynamic world, the businesses or chiefs of organizations expect superior exhibitions from laborers for the executives of good creation level. In view of the diary of Gagn and Deci 2005, I comprehended the noteworthiness of self assurance hypothesis and how it tends to be utilized inside the associations for urging the workers to perform better. Intelligent investigation By making an examination of both the assignments, it very well may be plainly comprehended that the targets and objectives of the association are to advance a decent culture inside association and discover approaches to spur them. By understanding the vision and statement of purpose alongside the authoritative qualities and convictions, representatives would have the option to work more enthusiastically and achieve the objectives and goals without any problem. The learning technique further aides in making the workers increase full help from the association. I have gotten information about different components, which can inspire the workers, for example, reward the executives framework and other non-fiscal prizes including augmentations, advancement, reward and giving them development openings. I have secured a gigantic region for leading the examination properly and the auxiliary sources have demonstrated t be gainful for doing as such. The diaries and articles introduced by Egan et al. 2014 have helped me to comprehend the significance of keeping up a decent culture inside association and how might it be made. I have comprehended the effect of hierarchical culture fair and square of creation and methods of overseeing improvement of representatives also. The self-assurance hypothesis is a viable hypothesis, which has been actualized inside the hierarchical premises for inspiring the laborers and guarantees upgraded work exhibitions as well. As per Gagn and Deci(2005), the self assurance hypothesis is a basic part of upgrading exhibitions of workers and meet the exclusive requirements of bosses as well. I increased further information and data by visiting the association and discovered that every single representatives have figured out how to connect with one another approp riately and made a differentiated workforce. This has advanced great correspondence as well as expanded the profitability and development of the association. From the books of Hartog and Verburg(2004), I found that superior exhibitions of laborers are reliant upon the way of life of association and on the off chance that they don't have a clue about the significance of good culture and communitarian cooperation, the profitability would will in general stay less. My insight and abilities improved besides when I saw how the pioneers have filled in as a group to improve the hierarchical culture and oversaw authoritative turn of events and development through foundation of a decent authoritative culture. A decent pioneer consistently rouses his workers with the goal that they can perform to their potential for dealing with the business forms appropriately just as impact the practices of representatives decidedly. As per Ivancevich, Matteson and Konopaske 1990, I got different aptitudes with respect to the authoritative practices and the board and how a decent hierarchical culture can bring about keeping up moral practice. The optional sources and materials utilized for leading the exploration in a compelling way have additionally helped me to build up my own thoughts and satisfy the prerequisites of learning inside association. For instance, I figured out how to discover ways by which another and suitable culture of association can make standards, rules, guidelines and conditions that are should have been trailed by the people inside the association. As I investigated different examination materials, for example, reports and diaries to build up a legitimate writing survey, I figured out how to stay differentiable while framing new ideas in regards to the viability of authoritative culture in improving the presentation of association and its workers (Eaton and Kilby2015). The way of life of an association has direct connection with the exhibitions of representatives and it very well may be seen from the different examination and assessment forms. By understanding the exploration system in further subtleties, I figured out how to make a theoretical stage for improving the viability of examination process and moreover address the significant measures dependent on which representatives would have the option to pass judgment on the morals and qualities in work. The necessities and prerequisites of laborers are should have been surveyed too all the time for conveying forward an examination in much nitty gritty way for satisfying those and guarantee that they perform to their latent capacity (Kaczynski, Salmona and Smith 2014). End The different examinations and exploration viewpoints that have helped in leading the exploration procedure and upgraded by learning process productivity are should have been broke down with the assistance of a legitimate examination method. The learning strategy in business is useful in building up a legitimate methodology for the procedure of examination adapting as well. From the investigation and translation, it could be comprehended that targets of leading this exploration are to build up a decent culture of the association and to improve the exhibitions of representatives, spur and urge them to the most extreme level conceivable. The qualities and convictions are should have been followed for advancing a decent culture and achieve the authoritative objectives and goals (Jacobs et al. 2013). The way toward learning has assumed a significant job is helping me to comprehend the essentialities of different methodologies attempted by the association to offer full help to workers and drive their exhibitions as well. There are different methodologies for persuading and urging the workers to perform better, for example, giving them money related prizes, augmentations, advancement and different chances to cause them to develop and create (Manojlovic and Ketefian 2016). I experienced the examination articles dependent on the markets and the primary concern which I centered during the learning strategy was the structure of the general stores. The technique of learning helped me to pick up awareness about the components that had roused the representatives and advance the business. Barely any models were likewise included, for example, Woolworth and Aldi, which made a decent workplace by advancing great authoritative culture for permitting the representatives to appreciate while w

The Circus Essay Sample free essay sample

As clasp passed. everybody turned out to be all the more kicking the bucket for the show to get down. I look about at the rage of the group. loaded up with numerous individuals everything being equal. Siting first column. I stand by eagerly. smiling from ear to ear. Just so the noticeable radiations diminish. what's more, the level of my invigoration increments unfathomably. it’s in the long run cut ; the bazaar has started! A topographic point noticeable radiation goes ahead and Begins voyaging quickly in each which way. A man’s profound voice comes over the talkers. â€Å"Ladies and Gentlemen. charm sit down. We invite all of you to the carnival and expectation you appreciate the show† . When the commentator had wrapped up. the topographic point light focused in on focus stage. where a major gold ruler of monsters sat. Hearing the parted of a whip. an extremely tall thin grown-up male strolls into the now turning topographic point obvious radiation. Another smack of the cowhide whip is discharged by the tamer and the slayer creature opens his gigantic oral hole and lets out an incredible blast. We will compose a custom paper test on The Circus Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The group starts to delight out loud. The grown-up male so controls the lord of monsters through army Ag balls. which astounds everybody including myself. After a couple of all the more quick ones. the ruler of brutes tamer soaks up the adoration and both he and the lord of monsters walk next to each other off stage. Following the lion’s demonstration. two grown-up females wearing somewhat blue beady gowns show up on the trapeze. Exceptionally high noticeable all around and with no net going to get them on the off chance that they fell. I watch entranced with each somersault and turn made. cognizing the humblest mistake would be them their usual methodology. Next was a stunning acrobat. In complete quiet everybody tickers as their heads are passed up the twisting and show of such unordinary and alone flexibleness. At the point when each demonstration finished. I commend for the amazing open introductions. To make sure I smell popcorn popping. monstrous pes long hot Canis familiariss barbecuing. also, imagine the cotton confect being spun. It appeared as bliss and delight quickly outwitted me and before I knew it. the main portion of the show had wrapped up. Smelling the scrumptious supplement. it wasn’t some time before everybody could no longer strip their craving. On the brief break. the supplement stalls were filled quickly with individuals stuffing their appearances with fleece pink and somewhat blue cotton confect that liquefied as it contacted their linguas. what's more, popcorn that left everybody’s authorities oily from the whole of margarine on each piece. The essences of the group showed cheerful and pleasance with the surpassing supplement they had bought. Recess passed so quickly. it hadn’t felt wherever close to 15 proceedingss and the bazaar fired up again immediately. While the dim advanced. I locate the open introductions all the more engaging. Senseless comedians with epic bronzed olfactory organs and slamming places were siting in cars much unnecessarily little for them. Elephants moved. edges were gulped. what's more, a grown-up male was shot out of a gun. Following the far reaching coda. all the performing specialists were brought to the stage to bow to the splendid group. still brimming with elation and ginger. I remained to demo to my grip to the performing craftsmen who orchestrated a phenomenal and exceptional show that was ideal for each and every individual who had come.

The GDP Term Essay Example for Free

The GDP Term Essay Gross domestic product should represent Grossly Deceptive Product† The Economist What does GDP really gauge? While examining about the economy of one nation, individuals regularly talk about â€Å"Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Be that as it may, there are various differences among business analyst about the estimation of GDP. In this manner, this article will examine whether GDP is a perfect estimation of the advancement of a country. It initially investigates the term GDP and approaches to gauge it. The paper at that point contrasts GDP and Gross National Product (GNP) and Human Development Index (HDI). As per Mankiw (2011), the estimation of every single last great and administrations in the market created inside a nation in a given time range is characterized as GDP. Through this definition, there is just one proportion of all the estimation of the financial exercises for a scope of items, and the two merchandise and enterprises are remembered for GDP at their reasonable worth. By and by, contrasting the estimation of one item with the other isn't in every case simple, for instance it is hard to state if an orange is more significant than an apple as various purchasers esteem a decent in an unexpected way. It is imperative to have measures to separate the estimation of various merchandise and enterprises. Subsequently, the market cost was acquainted all together with recognize the volume of clients who can buy specific items. To gauge GDP by utilizing the market esteem assists with remembering a wide scope of wares for the market. Not exclusively are normal things, for example, food, garments and other living need yet in addition the lodging administrations remembered for the market esteem. By estimating GDP along these lines, numerous business exercises like market rental lodging mirror the market esteem and become pointers of the market. Also, volume of proprietor involved lodging can be utilized to gauge the market rental estimation of a nation. All things considered, as indicated by Abel et al (2008), despite the fact that this estimation of GDP includes various merchandise and ventures, it despite everything doesn't cover a few items like which are exchanged casual markets. It is perfect that the entirety of the merchandise and enterprises leaving in the market are reflected through GDP. Be that as it may, as a rule estimating the estimation of various products and ventures in non-advertise and illicit markets is incomprehensible, this makes estimating GDP progressively troublesome. For example, despite the fact that the vegetables purchasers purchase in general stores are remembered for GDP, the ones that ranchers develop in their nurseries are not included in GDP. Also, clearly the exchange of illicit medications and different items isn't included in GDP. What's more, assembling and exchanging products and ventures frequently identify with the effect in the earth. Be that as it may, the advantages of clean air and normal water are not exchanged the market; and GDP doesn't reflect activities to diminish contamination or improve natural quality. There are three primary strategies for estimating GDP, specifically item approach, use approach and salary approach. As per Tucker (2011) the item approach depends on esteem included idea; it estimates monetary action by adding the worth included by all makers. In this item approach, the market estimation of the products and enterprises exchanged the market are remembered for the monetary exercises. In any case, the worth which is created and spent in the middle of the road phase of the production procedure is barred. The subsequent methodology depends on consumption, it consider GDP from an alternate edge by remembering use for national salary account. Gross domestic product is estimated as the all out spending of definite wares inside a country during a specific timeframe. The spending is classes into four sorts, which added to get the GDP (Y), they are utilization (C), venture (I), government acquisition of merchandise and enterprises (G), and net fares of products and enterprises, showing the distinction among fare and import (NX= X-M). In this manner, GDP by use approach is defined as follow: Y= C+ I + G+ NX (Brezina, 2012). The third technique estimating GDP is the pay approach, which considers the salary picked up by makers, for example, benefits and duties paid. There are eight sorts of national livelihoods, which are: * Compensation of representatives comprises of workers’ wages including pay rates, compensation, annuity plans or different advantages organizations convey to their workers * Income of Proprietors incorporates capital salary and work livelihoods of the non-joined independently employed. * People’s Rental salary: individuals who have terrains, structures or properties can lease them out and get a measure of cash; this is called rental pay. * Corporate Profits: this is the measure of cash earned by companies through their business exercises. Corporate benefits are the aftereffects of corporate income after rents, wages and costs derivations. * Net pay: is the pay of people earned from their organizations or paid by organizations or different sources after duty finding or premium paid. * Taxes on creation and imports: this includes circuitous business charges * Business current exchange installments (net): these are installments which governments or people get from organizations as beneficent gifts from protection installments or interpretation. It ought to be notice that these installments are not made good on for assessments, wages or administration charges. * Current excess of government endeavors: these are businesses’ benefits claimed by government including power, water, open transportations, etc. There are three principle ideas of GDP, in particular ostensible GDP, genuine GDP and GDP deflator. Exhaust (2011) characterizes â€Å"The ostensible GDP implies that the estimation of every last great which dependent on the costs existing during the timespan of production†. It is known as present dollar or cash GDP and it increments in three unique manners. Right off the bat, it increments when yield rises while costs stay unaltered. Ostensible GDP additionally develops when costs increment while the yield is steady. The last way which is found in the regular case, is that both of yield and value rise. A significant qualification among ostensible and genuine GDP is to quantify the holes between changes in yield and the value level which identify with promoting. At the point when the present dollar GDP of a nation increments essentially, it is conceivable that its creations have developed extraordinarily. By and by, it is most likely that swelling is expanding, so the costs of products and ventures develop in like manner. With respect to the genuine GDP, the estimation of every single last item creation dependent on the current costs in a given year. The genuine GDP which is estimated in the wake of taking swelling in to account is otherwise called consistent dollar GDP. A value list used to quantify the general degree of costs of products and ventures remembered for GDP is characterized as the GDP deflator, which is detailed as: GDP deflator = (Nominal GDP/Real GDP) x 100. It is a proportion of the normal degree of costs for some predetermined arrangement of items, proportionate to the costs in a predefined based year. Subsequently, the decision of base year chooses the estimation of genuine GDP and the GDP deflator. Moreover, Brakman et al (2006) recommends the strategy to compute the genuine GDP by the utilization of the fastened volume proportion of GDP and to take a normal of the variety in cost. Another approach to gauge the status of a national economy is through Gross National Product (GNP) and numerous legislatures use it as a standard to quantify their economy. Brakman et al 2006 characterizes GNP as â€Å"the showcase estimation of the merchandise and enterprises, which created by work and property of inhabitants of a country†. GNP and GDP are distinctive in that they treat yield created by capital and works having work exterior its nation of origin in an unexpected way (Abel et al 2008). While the previous considers the market estimation of conclusive merchandise recently created by residential elements of creation during the present time frame, the last just incorporates creation delivered inside a nation. To outline, a Chinese specialist working in the US, on one hand his administrations are a piece of American GDP, then again they add to China GNP. What's more, other than work benefits, the distinction among GNP and GDP likewise hold for some elements of creation like capital. The separation between them is determined as in the equation: GDP= GNP-NFP. Abel et al alluded NFP as â€Å"net factor installments from abroad, which to be pay paid to local variables of creation by the remainder of the world less pay paid to outside components of creation by household economy†. Nonetheless, as a general rule the estimation of GDP is like that of GNP. For instance, British GDP was just 0.2% lower than its GNP, $ 1415 billion contrasted and $ 1417 billion. That is a motivation behind why just two nations out of thirty six having a pay level of over $ 100 billion separate GDP and GNP. In spite of the fact that the contention whether GNP or GDP is a perfect estimation of national advancement is easy to refute, both of the measures despite everything can't cover numerous different parts of the national economy. There are various disadvantages called attention to. For example, it is hard to set up the best rules to gauge way of life, nature of products and enterprises gave the economy exercises in shadow economy, government assistance issues, pay disparity and the negative externality issue (Brezina, 2012). Accordingly, it is conceivable that in a nation with high GDP few out of every odd individuals live in exclusive expectation or advantage structure that high GDP. With respect to the instance of China, the China GDP exhibits roughly equivalent market an incentive to that in the United Kingdom. By and by, China GDP per capita as per current costs is multiple times lower than that of the UK, demonstrating a generally tremendous hole in GDP per capita between the two countries. Similarly, Australia and India have a similar circumstance as that among China and the UK. Both of these nations have about a similar degree of GDP; then again, GDP per capital of Australia is multiple times more noteworthy than that of India. Regarding PPP, the

10 Common Sentence Mistakes in English

10 Common Sentence Mistakes in English A few missteps are regular when composing sentences in English. Every one of these 10 normal sentence botches gives adjustment data just as connections to progressively itemized information.â Inadequate Sentence or Sentence Fragment One basic misstep numerous understudies utilize inadequate sentences. Each sentence in English must contain at any rate a subject and an action word, and ought to be an autonomous proviso. Instances of inadequate sentences without a subject or an action word may incorporate a guidance or a prepositional expression. For instance: Through the door.In the other room.Over there. These are phrases we may use in communicated in English. These expressions shouldnt be utilized in composed English as they are incomplete.â Sentence pieces brought about by subordinate statements utilized without a free condition are progressively normal. Recollect that subjecting conjunctions present ward conditions. At the end of the day, in the event that you utilize a subjecting provision starting with a word, for example, on the grounds that, however, on the off chance that, and so forth there must be a free statement to finish the idea. This mix-up is frequently made on tests asking an inquiry with For what reason. For instance: Since Tom is the chief. Since he went home ahead of schedule without permission.â These sentences may respond to the inquiry: Why did he lose his employment? Be that as it may, these are sentence parts. The right answer would be: He lost his employment since Tom is the chief. He lost his employment since he went home ahead of schedule without consent. Different instances of inadequate sentences presented by subjecting conditions include: Despite the fact that he needs assistance. On the off chance that they concentrate enough. As they had put resources into the organization. Run-on Sentences Run-on sentences will be sentences that: Are not associated by suitable connecting language, for example, conjunctions.Use an excessive number of conditions as opposed to utilizing periods and connecting language, for example, conjunctive verb modifiers. The main sort forgets about a word - normally a combination - that is required to associate a needy and autonomous proviso. For instance: The understudies excelled on the test they didnt concentrate without question. Anna needs another vehicle she went through the end of the week visiting vehicle sales centers. The primary sentence should utilize either a combination be that as it may, or yet or a subjecting combination albeit, despite the fact that, or however to interface the sentence. In the subsequent sentence, the combination so or the subjecting combination since, as, or on the grounds that would interface the two provisions. The understudies progressed admirably, yet they didnt concentrate without question. Anna went through the end of the week visiting vehicle sales centers since she needs another vehicle. Another basic sudden spike in demand for sentence happens when utilizing an excessive number of provisions. This frequently happens utilizing the word and. We went to the store and got some natural product, and we went to the shopping center to get some garments, and we ate at McDonalds, and we visited some friends.â The ceaseless chain of provisions utilizing and ought to be kept away from. As a rule, don't compose sentences that contain multiple statements to guarantee that your sentences don't become run-on sentences. Copy Subjects In some cases understudies utilize a pronoun as a copy subject. Recollect that every statement takes just one sentence. In the event that you have referenced the subject of a sentence by name, there is no compelling reason to rehash with a pronoun. Model 1: Tom lives in Los Angeles. NOT Tom, he lives in Los Angeles. Model 2: Theâ students originate from Vietnam. NOT The understudies they originate from Vietnam. Mistaken Tense Tense use is a typical slip-up in understudy composing. Ensure that the strained utilized relates to the circumstance. At the end of the day, in the event that you are talking about something that occurred in the past don't utilize incorporate a strained that alludes to the present. For instance: They fly to visit their folks in Toronto a week ago. Alex purchased another vehicle and drives it to her home in Los Angeles. Mistaken Verb Form Another normal misstep is the utilization of a mistaken action word structure when joining with another action word. Certain action words in English take the infinitive and others take the ing word (ing structure). Its essential to gain proficiency with these action word mixes. Likewise, when utilizing the action word as a thing, utilize the ing word type of the action word. He trusts getting another line of work. /Correct - He wants to get another line of work. Subside kept away from to put resources into the task. /Correct - Peter abstained from putting resources into the venture. Equal Verb Form A related issue is the utilization of equal action word structures when utilizing a rundown of action words. In the event that you are writing in the present persistent tense, utilize the ing structure in your rundown. In the event that you are utilizing the current great, utilize the past participle, and so on. She appreciates staring at the TV, play tennis, and cook. /Correct - She appreciates staring at the TV, playing tennis, and cooking. Ive lived in Italy, working in Germany and study in New York. /Correct - Ive lived in Italy, worked in Germany, and concentrated in New York. Utilization of Time Clauses Time conditions are presented when words when, previously, after, etc. When talking about the present or future utilize the current basic tense in time conditions. On the off chance that utilizing a past tense, we ordinarily utilize the past straightforward in a period provision. Well visit you when we will come one week from now. /Correct - Well visit you when we come one week from now. She prepared supper after he was showing up. /Correct - She prepared supper after he arrived.â Subject-Verb Agreement Another basic slip-up is to utilize off base subject-action word understanding. The most widely recognized of these errors is the missing s in the current straightforward tense. In any case, there are different kinds of missteps. Continuously search for these slip-ups in the helping action word. Tom play guitar in a band. /Correct - Tom plays guitar in a band. They was dozing when she called. /Correct - They were dozing when she telephoned.â Pronoun Agreement Pronoun understanding mix-ups happen when utilizing a pronoun to supplant a formal person, place or thing. Regularly this slip-up is a slip-up of utilization of a solitary structure as opposed to a plural or the other way around. Be that as it may, pronoun understanding missteps can happen in item or possessive pronouns, just as in subject pronouns. Tom works at an organization in Hamburg. She adores his activity. /Correct - Tom works at an organization in Hamburg. He cherishes his activity. Andrea and Peter considered Russian at school. He thought they were troublesome. Right - Andrea and Peter contemplated Russian at school. They thought it was very difficult.â Missing Commas After Linking Language When utilizing an initial expression as connecting language, for example, a conjunctive verb modifier or sequencing word, utilize a comma after the expression to proceed with the sentence. Thus kids should begin contemplating math as right on time as possible.â /Â Correct - Â As an outcome, kids should begin considering math as ahead of schedule as could reasonably be expected.

Paycom Marketing Plan

The Obama administration’s proposition for a Consumer Privacy Bill of Rights, which was discharged as a major aspect of its â€Å"Consumer Data Privacy in a Networked World: A Framework for Protecting Privacy and Promoting Innovation in the Global Digital Economy,† is expected to give clients more command over how their own data is utilized in business exchanges (Klosek, 2012). This kind of structure is intended for advances, for example, versatile applications. Portable application innovation is fit for cloning individual data from a cell phone, for example, ID numbers, email address, current area, writings messages, schedules and individual photographs. Organizations, for example, Google, Yahoo, Microsoft, and AOL have consented to not follow shopper program use. These organizations have been critized in the past for not doing what is required to secure the protection of its customers. They have been following their data with no assent or giving data to the customer in regards to how the information will be utilized. Presently with the CPBR, customers will currently reserve the privilege to control what data is utilized, how it will be utilized and screen the exactness of the information gathered. So as to utilize the Consumer Privacy Bill of Rights for future prosecution, seven general standards have been created to use as a guide. â€Å"Individual Control: Consumers reserve an option to practice power over what individual organizations gather from them and how they use it (Kloesk, 2012). † Going ahead, organizations should introduce assent just as decisions to the shopper about the information that is being gathered, while previously, buyers have been uninformed of what kind of information was being gathered and how it was being utilized. Straightforwardness: Consumers reserve a privilege to effectively reasonable and available data about protection and security rehearses (Klosek, 2012). † There are numerous security hazards with respect to cell phones. With the CPBR, buyers with be educated about the latest and pertinent data in regards to what individual information can be utilized. Portable applications are a model where this data can be basic. â€Å"Respect for Context: Consumers reserve an option to expect that organizations will gather, use, and unveil individual information in manners that are reliable with the setting in which purchasers give the information (Klosek, 2012). This for the most part converts into a more profound manual for expanded disclosers to the shopper. For the situation that data or information is gathered from a shopper and utilized for whatever else other than for the utilization of the organization, the purchaser will be advised previously and given the open door for agree before the data being utilized. They will likewise be educated what the information will be utilized for corresponding to what is being shared. â€Å"Security: Consumers reserve the privilege to make sure about and capable treatment of individual information (Klosek, 2012). In synopsis, any information gathered will be encoded and made sure about when being moved from the consumer’s gadget to the organizations servers. â€Å"Access and Accuracy: Consumers reserve an option to get to and right close to home information in usable organizations, in a way that is suitable to the affectability of the information and the danger of unfriendly outcomes to buyer s if the information is erroneous (Klosek, 2012). † This portrays the consumer’s rights to guarantee that the information being gathered is exact. On the off chance that they data is wrong, at that point they will reserve the option to address anything in blunder. All together for the shopper to guarantee exact data, they will likewise be allowed access to the information being gathered. â€Å"Focused Collection: Consumers reserve an option as far as possible on the individual information that organizations gather and hold (Klosek, 2012). † Companies can't gather information from any gadgets, except if it is pertinent to the need or reason for the first use. Any data gathered will be utilized for a particular objective that will be practiced applicable to the requirement for it to be gathered. Responsibility: Consumers reserve an option to have individual information took care of by organizations with fitting measures set up to guarantee that stick to the Consumer Privacy Bill of Rights (Klosek, 2012). † Data held will be dealt with properly. This implies representatives will be appropriately prepared on the best way to guarantee data gathered is secure and significant. These seven rules are expected to go about as an arrangement to improve consumers’ security assurances. Moreover, it goes about as a device to guarantee that data being utilized from the web is utilized to advance monetary development. It will likewise permit purchasers to have expanded association of their own data and â€Å"help organizations keep up shopper trust and develop in the quickly changing computerized environment† (Obama, 2012). Before, the web has not been secure enough to ensure consumer’s individual data. With included secured, purchasers can feel progressively sure to utilize the web which will improve the open doors for work creation and business development. The seven rules all the more explicitly give an establishment to secure customers and award a more prominent self-sureness for organizations. American Consumers can’t stand by any more drawn out for away from of the street that guarantee their own data is protected online† (President Obama, 2012). All together for a buyer to have a sense of safety, they have to have certainty that their data being utilized is exact and utilized for important purposes identified with the organizations reason and mission. Daniel Weitz ner, who is a previous White House vice president innovation official for web arrangement, is presently a counselor to the Coalition for Privacy and Free Trade. He states, â€Å"I accept actually firmly that the protection will in general gain ground when there are expansive coalitions† (Weitzner, 2013). The Coalition for Privacy and Free Trade invites organizations that gather, use and move individual information (Liebelson, 2013). Before the CPBR, organizations have been blamed for utilizing data for unreasonable purposes. Apple has been discovered putting away users’ address books. Google was discovered following the web indexes on users’ iphones. By and large, online security has been an issue since the web was made. With the CPBR, customers can feel for sure about their web use. In view of these alligations over web organizations, the Federal Trade Commision as provoked organizations like Google, Yahoo, Microsoft, and AOL to focus on utilizing the Do Not Track innovation top forestall client perusing conduct from being followed (Dharapak, 2012). Authority is the way to being a fruitful chief. Dwindle Northouse (2001) characterizes initiative as a procedure whereby one individual impacts a gathering of people to accomplish a shared objective. In the event that you need to turn into a compelling pioneer, a chief must guide representatives in a positive way so as to achieve an objective as it identifies with the company’s mission. There are two kinds of pioneers. There is the change chief and the value-based pioneer and individuals may contend which influential position is best for their organization. As a trough myself, I accept that the transformational supervisor can all the more likely take the beat of a gathering, comprehend its implicit flows of thought and concerns, and speak with individuals in wording they can comprehend and grasp. The transformational initiative methodology can assist chiefs with turning out to be extraordinary pioneers. These sorts of pioneers must build up an aptitude that will make people need improve, change, and be driven. You need to know their needs, yet you should likewise have the option to distinguish their intentions just as requirements. There are four elements to transformational authority in which are known as the four I’s. The four I’s include: Idealized Influence depicts chiefs who are good examples that can be trusted, regarded, and ready to use sound judgment for the association. Moving Motivation is a method for propelling partners to focus on the vision of the associations, while urging cooperation to arrive at objectives that expansion income and market development for the association. Scholarly Stimulation depicts troughs who support developments and innovativeness through testing the typical convictions or perspectives on a gathering. These kinds of supervisors advance basic reasoning and critical thinking to improve the association. Singular contemplations depict a supervisor who can go about as a mentor and counsel. This aides the partners as well as the association all in all also (Hall, Johnson, Wysocki, Kepner, 2012). The qualities engaged with the transformational approach is that you can viably impact workers on all levels and recognize the requirements an estimations of individual also. Anyway considering no individual is great, there are shortcomings recognized by the methodology. The shortcomings are that there are numerous segments that appear to be excessively expansive, treat authority more as a character characteristic than as an educated conduct, and have the potential for mishandling power. In spite of the fact that, the qualities of the transformational pioneer enable people to do what is best for the association. They likewise have solid job demonstrating abilities that grow high qualities. Likewise, they are attentive people that create soul and collaboration, make vision, and enables the association by helping other people to advance to the association. Value-based administration styles are increasingly equipped towards keeping up the ordinary progression of tasks. They take the necessary steps to keep the lights on. They use order and impetuses to spur representatives to perform. They will in general trade awards for elite. A Transactional pioneer tends to not glance ahead in deliberately controlling an association to a place of market authority; rather, these directors are exclusively worried about ensuring everything streams easily today (Ingram, 2013). Value-based pioneers can give preferences in their capacities to address little operational subtleties rapidly. Th

Binary Tree - Free Essay Example

Binary Trees Page: 1 Binary Trees by Nick Parlante This article introduces the basic concepts of binary trees, and then works through a series of practice problems with solution code in C/C++ and Java. Binary trees have an elegant recursive pointer structure, so they are a good way to learn recursive pointer algorithms. Contents Section 1. Binary Tree Structure a quick introduction to binary trees and the code that operates on them Section 2. Binary Tree Problems practice problems in increasing order of difficulty Section 3. C Solutions solution code to the problems for C and C++ programmers Section 4. Java versions how binary trees work in Java, with solution code Stanford CS Education Library #110 This is article #110 in the Stanford CS Education Library. This and other free CS materials are available at the library (https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/). That people seeking education should have the opportunity to find it. This article may be used, reproduced, excerpted, or s old so long as this paragraph is clearly reproduced. Copyright 2000-2001, Nick Parlante, nick. [emailprotected] stanford. edu. Related CSLibrary Articles Linked List Problems (https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/105/) a large collection of linked list problems using various pointer techniques (while this binary tree article concentrates on recursion) Pointer and Memory (https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/102/) basic concepts of pointers and memory The Great Tree-List Problem (https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/109/) a great pointer recursion problem that uses both trees and lists Section 1 Introduction To Binary Trees A binary tree is made of nodes, where each node contains a left pointer, a right pointer, and a data element. The root pointer points to the topmost node in the tree. The left and right pointers recursively point to smaller subtrees on either side. A null pointer represents a binary tree with no elements the empty tree. The formal recursive definition is: a binary tre e is either empty (represented by a null pointer), or is made of a single node, where the left and right pointers (recursive definition ahead) each point to a binary tree. ttp://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 2 A binary search tree (BST) or ordered binary tree is a type of binary tree where the nodes are arranged in order: for each node, all elements in its left subtree are less-or-equal to the node (). The tree shown above is a binary search tree the root node is a 5, and its left subtree nodes (1, 3, 4) are 5. Recursively, each of the subtrees must also obey the binary search tree constraint: in the (1, 3, 4) subtree, the 3 is the root, the 1 3. Watch out for the exact wording in the problems a binary search tree is different from a binary tree. The nodes at the bottom edge of the tree have empty subtrees and are called leaf nodes (1, 4, 6) while the others are internal nodes (3, 5, 9). Binary Search Tree Niche Basically, binary search tree s are fast at insert and lookup. The next section presents the code for these two algorithms. On average, a binary search tree algorithm can locate a node in an N node tree in order lg(N) time (log base 2). Therefore, binary search trees are good for dictionary problems where the code inserts and looks up information indexed by some key. The lg(N) behavior is the average case its possible for a particular tree to be much slower depending on its shape. Strategy Some of the problems in this article use plain binary trees, and some use binary search trees. In any case, the problems concentrate on the combination of pointers and recursion. (See the articles linked above for pointer articles that do not emphasize recursion. ) For each problem, there are two things to understand The node/pointer structure that makes up the tree and the code that manipulates it The algorithm, typically recursive, that iterates over the tree When thinking about a binary tree problem, its often a good idea to draw a few little trees to think about the various cases. https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 3 Typical Binary Tree Code in C/C++ As an introduction, well look at the code for the two most basic binary search tree operations lookup() and insert(). The code here works for C or C++. Java programers can read the discussion here, and then look at the Java versions in Section 4. In C or C++, the binary tree is built with a node type like this struct node { int data; struct node* left; struct node* right; } Lookup() Given a binary search tree and a target value, search the tree to see if it contains the target. The basic pattern of the lookup() code occurs in many recursive tree algorithms: deal with the base case where the tree is empty, deal with the current node, and then use recursion to deal with the subtrees. If the tree is a binary search tree, there is often some sort of less-than test on the node to decide if the recursion sh ould go left or right. /* Given a binary tree, return true if a node with the target data is found in the tree. Recurs down the tree, chooses the left or right branch by comparing the target to each node. */ static int lookup(struct node* node, int target) { // 1. Base case == empty tree // in that case, the target is not found so return false if (node == NULL) { return(false); } else { // 2. ee if found here if (target == node-;data) return(true); else { // 3. otherwise recur down the correct subtree if (target ; node-;data) return(lookup(node-;left, target)); else return(lookup(node-;right, target)); } } } The lookup() algorithm could be written as a while-loop that iterates down the tree. Our version uses recursion to help prepare you for the problems below that require recursion. Pointer Changing Code There is a common problem with pointer intensive code: what if a function needs to change one of the pointer parameters passed to it? For example, the insert() function below ma y want to change the root pointer. In C and C++, one solution uses pointers-to-pointers (aka reference parameters). Thats a fine technique, but here we will use the simpler technique that a function that wishes to change a pointer passed to it will return the new value of the pointer to the caller. The caller is responsible for using the new value. Suppose we have a change() function https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 4 that may change the the root, then a call to change() will look like this / suppose the variable root points to the tree root = change(root); We take the value returned by change(), and use it as the new value for root. This construct is a little awkward, but it avoids using reference parameters which confuse some C and C++ programmers, and Java does not have reference parameters at all. This allows us to focus on the recursion instead of the pointer mechanics. (For lots of problems that use reference parameters, see CSLibrary #105, Linked List Problems, https://cslibrary. stanford. du/105/). Insert() Insert() given a binary search tree and a number, insert a new node with the given number into the tree in the correct place. The insert() code is similar to lookup(), but with the complication that it modifies the tree structure. As described above, insert() returns the new tree pointer to use to its caller. Calling insert() with the number 5 on this tree 2 / 1 10 returns the tree 2 / 1 / 5 The solution shown here introduces a newNode() helper function that builds a single node. The base-case/recursion structure is similar to the structure in lookup() each call checks for the NULL case, looks at the node at hand, and then recurs down the left or right subtree if needed. /* Helper function that allocates a new node with the given data and NULL left and right pointers. */ struct node* NewNode(int data) { struct node* node = new(struct node); // new is like malloc node-data = data; node-left = NULL; node- right = NULL; return(node); } 10 /* Give a binary search tree and a number, inserts a new node with the given number in the correct place in the tree. Returns the new root pointer which the caller should then use (the standard trick to avoid using reference parameters). */ struct node* insert(struct node* node, int data) { https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 5 // 1. If the tree is empty, return a new, single node if (node == NULL) { return(newNode(data)); } else { // 2. Otherwise, recur down the tree if (data data) node-left = insert(node-left, data); else node-right = insert(node-right, data); return(node); // return the (unchanged) node pointer } } The shape of a binary tree depends very much on the order that the nodes are inserted. In particular, if the nodes are inserted in increasing order (1, 2, 3, 4), the tree nodes just grow to the right leading to a linked list shape where all the left pointers are NULL. A similar thing happens if the nodes are inserted in decreasing order (4, 3, 2, 1). The linked list shape defeats the lg(N) performance. We will not address that issue here, instead focusing on pointers and recursion. Section 2 Binary Tree Problems Here are 14 binary tree problems in increasing order of difficulty. Some of the problems operate on binary search trees (aka ordered binary trees) while others work on plain binary trees with no special ordering. The next section, Section 3, shows the solution code in C/C++. Section 4 gives the background and solution code in Java. The basic structure and recursion of the solution code is the same in both languages the differences are superficial. Reading about a data structure is a fine introduction, but at some point the only way to learn is to actually try to solve some problems starting with a blank sheet of paper. To get the most out of these problems, you should at least attempt to solve them before looking at the solution. Even if your solution is not quite right, you will be building up the right skills. With any pointer-based code, its a good idea to make memory drawings of a a few simple cases to see how the algorithm should work. 1. build123() This is a very basic problem with a little pointer manipulation. (You can skip this problem if you are already comfortable with pointers. ) Write code that builds the following little 1-2-3 binary search tree 2 / 1 3 Write the code in three different ways a: by calling newNode() three times, and using three pointer variables b: by calling newNode() three times, and using only one pointer variable c: by calling insert() three times passing it the root pointer to build up the tree (In Java, write a build123() method that operates on the receiver to change it to be the 1-2-3 tree with the given coding constraints. See Section 4. ) struct node* build123() { 2. size() https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 6 This problem demonstrates simple binary tree traversal. Given a binary tree, count the number of nodes in the tree. int size(struct node* node) { 3. maxDepth() Given a binary tree, compute its maxDepth the number of nodes along the longest path from the root node down to the farthest leaf node. The maxDepth of the empty tree is 0, the maxDepth of the tree on the first page is 3. int maxDepth(struct node* node) { 4. minValue() Given a non-empty binary search tree (an ordered binary tree), return the minimum data value found in that tree. Note that it is not necessary to search the entire tree. A maxValue() function is structurally very similar to this function. This can be solved with recursion or with a simple while loop. int minValue(struct node* node) { 5. printTree() Given a binary search tree (aka an ordered binary tree), iterate over the nodes to print them out in increasing order. So the tree 4 / 2 / 1 3 5 Produces the output 1 2 3 4 5. This is known as an inorder traversal of the tree. Hint: For each node, t he strategy is: recur left, print the node data, recur right. void printTree(struct node* node) { 6. printPostorder() Given a binary tree, print out the nodes of the tree according to a bottom-up postorder traversal both subtrees of a node are printed out completely before the node itself is printed, and each left subtree is printed before the right subtree. So the tree 4 / 2 / 1 3 5 Produces the output 1 3 2 5 4. The description is complex, but the code is simple. This is the sort of bottom-up traversal that would be used, for example, to evaluate an expression tree where a node is an operation like + and its subtrees are, recursively, the two subexpressions for the +. https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 7 void printPostorder(struct node* node) { . hasPathSum() Well define a root-to-leaf path to be a sequence of nodes in a tree starting with the root node and proceeding downward to a leaf (a node with no children). Well say that an empty tree contains no root-to-leaf paths. So for example, the following tree has exactly four root-to-leaf paths: 5 / 4 / 11 / 7 2 8 / 13 4 1 Root-to-leaf paths: path 1: 5 4 11 7 path 2: 5 4 11 2 path 3: 5 8 13 path 4: 5 8 4 1 For this problem, we will be concerned with the sum of the values of such a path for example, the sum of the values on the 5-4-11-7 path is 5 + 4 + 11 + 7 = 27. Given a binary tree and a sum, return true if the tree has a root-to-leaf path such that adding up all the values along the path equals the given sum. Return false if no such path can be found. (Thanks to Owen Astrachan for suggesting this problem. ) int hasPathSum(struct node* node, int sum) { 8. printPaths() Given a binary tree, print out all of its root-to-leaf paths as defined above. This problem is a little harder than it looks, since the path so far needs to be communicated between the recursive calls. Hint: In C, C++, and Java, probably the best solution is to create a recursive helper function pr intPathsRecur(node, int path[], int pathLen), where the path array communicates the sequence of nodes that led up to the current call. Alternately, the problem may be solved bottom-up, with each node returning its list of paths. This strategy works quite nicely in Lisp, since it can exploit the built in list and mapping primitives. (Thanks to Matthias Felleisen for suggesting this problem. ) Given a binary tree, print out all of its root-to-leaf paths, one per line. void printPaths(struct node* node) { . mirror() Change a tree so that the roles of the left and right pointers are swapped at every node. So the tree 4 / 2 5 / https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 8 1 3 is changed to 4 / 5 2 / 3 1 The solution is short, but very recursive. As it happens, this can be accomplished without changing the root node pointer, so the return-the-new-root construct is not necessary. Alternately, if you do not want to change the tree nodes, you may construct and return a new mirror tree based on the original tree. void mirror(struct node* node) { 10. doubleTree() For each node in a binary search tree, create a new duplicate node, and insert the duplicate as the left child of the original node. The resulting tree should still be a binary search tree. So the tree 2 / 1 3 is changed to 2 / 2 3 / / 1 3 / 1 As with the previous problem, this can be accomplished without changing the root node pointer. void doubleTree(struct node* node) { 11. sameTree() Given two binary trees, return true if they are structurally identical they are made of nodes with the same values arranged in the same way. (Thanks to Julie Zelenski for suggesting this problem. int sameTree(struct node* a, struct node* b) { 12. countTrees() This is not a binary tree programming problem in the ordinary sense its more of a math/combinatorics recursion problem that happens to use binary trees. (Thanks to Jerry Cain for suggesting this problem. ) Suppose you are building an N n ode binary search tree with the values 1.. N. How many structurally different binary search trees are there that store those values? Write a recursive function that, given the number of distinct values, computes the number of structurally unique binary search trees that store those values. For example, https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 9 countTrees(4) should return 14, since there are 14 structurally unique binary search trees that store 1, 2, 3, and 4. The base case is easy, and the recursion is short but dense. Your code should not construct any actual trees; its just a counting problem. int countTrees(int numKeys) { Binary Search Tree Checking (for problems 13 and 14) This background is used by the next two problems: Given a plain binary tree, examine the tree to determine if it meets the requirement to be a binary search tree. To be a binary search tree, for every node, all of the nodes in its left tree must be the node. Consider th e following four examples a. 2 5 / 7 - TRUE b. 6 5 / 7 - FALSE, because the 6 is not ok to the left of the 5 c. 5 - TRUE / 2 7 / 1 d. 5 - FALSE, the 6 is ok with the 2, but the 6 is not ok with the 5 / 2 7 / 1 6 For the first two cases, the right answer can be seen just by comparing each node to the two nodes immediately below it. However, the fourth case shows how checking the BST quality may depend on nodes which are several layers apart the 5 and the 6 in that case. 3 isBST() version 1 Suppose you have helper functions minValue() and maxValue() that return the min or max int value from a non-empty tree (see problem 3 above). Write an isBST() function that returns true if a tree is a binary search tree and false otherwise. Use the helper functions, and dont forget to check every node in the tree. Its ok if your solution is not very efficient. (Thanks to Owen Astrachan for the idea of having this problem, and comparing it to problem 14) Returns true if a binary tree is a binary s earch tree. int isBST(struct node* node) { 4. isBST() version 2 https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 10 Version 1 above runs slowly since it traverses over some parts of the tree many times. A better solution looks at each node only once. The trick is to write a utility helper function isBSTRecur(struct node* node, int min, int max) that traverses down the tree keeping track of the narrowing min and max allowed values as it goes, looking at each node only once. The initial values for min and max should be INT_MIN and INT_MAX they narrow from there. * Returns true if the given tree is a binary search tree (efficient version). */ int isBST2(struct node* node) { return(isBSTRecur(node, INT_MIN, INT_MAX)); } /* Returns true if the given tree is a BST and its values are = min and left = lChild; root-right= rChild; return(root); } // call newNode() three times, and use only one local variable struct node* build123b() { struct node* root = newNode(2) ; root-left = newNode(1); root-right = newNode(3); return(root); } https://cslibrary. stanford. du/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 11 /* Build 123 by calling insert() three times. Note that the 2 must be inserted first. */ struct node* build123c() { struct node* root = NULL; root = insert(root, 2); root = insert(root, 1); root = insert(root, 3); return(root); } 2. size() Solution (C/C++) /* Compute the number of nodes in a tree. */ int size(struct node* node) { if (node==NULL) { return(0); } else { return(size(node-left) + 1 + size(node-right)); } } 3. maxDepth() Solution (C/C++) * Compute the maxDepth of a tree the number of nodes along the longest path from the root node down to the farthest leaf node. */ int maxDepth(struct node* node) { if (node==NULL) { return(0); } else { // compute the depth of each subtree int lDepth = maxDepth(node-left); int rDepth = maxDepth(node-right); // use the larger one if (lDepth rDepth) return(lDepth+1); else return(rDepth+1); } } 4. m inValue() Solution (C/C++) /* Given a non-empty binary search tree, return the minimum data value found in that tree. https://cslibrary. stanford. du/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 12 Note that the entire tree does not need to be searched. */ int minValue(struct node* node) { struct node* current = node; // loop down to find the leftmost leaf while (current-left ! = NULL) { current = current-left; } return(current-data); } 5. printTree() Solution (C/C++) /* Given a binary search tree, print out its data elements in increasing sorted order. */ void printTree(struct node* node) { if (node == NULL) return; printTree(node-left); printf(%d , node-data); printTree(node-right); } . printPostorder() Solution (C/C++) /* Given a binary tree, print its nodes according to the bottom-up postorder traversal. */ void printPostorder(struct node* node) { if (node == NULL) return; // first recur on both subtrees printTree(node-left); printTree(node-right); // then deal with the node printf (%d , node-data); } 7. hasPathSum() Solution (C/C++) /* Given a tree and a sum, return true if there is a path from the root down to a leaf, such that adding up all the values along the path equals the given sum. ttp://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 13 Strategy: subtract the node value from the sum when recurring down, and check to see if the sum is 0 when you run out of tree. */ int hasPathSum(struct node* node, int sum) { // return true if we run out of tree and sum==0 if (node == NULL) { return(sum == 0); } else { // otherwise check both subtrees int subSum = sum node-data; return(hasPathSum(node-left, subSum) || hasPathSum(node-right, subSum)); } } . printPaths() Solution (C/C++) /* Given a binary tree, print out all of its root-to-leaf paths, one per line. Uses a recursive helper to do the work. */ void printPaths(struct node* node) { int path[1000]; printPathsRecur(node, path, 0); } /* Recursive helper function given a node, and an array c ontaining the path from the root node up to but not including this node, print out all the root-leaf paths. / void printPathsRecur(struct node* node, int path[], int pathLen) { if (node==NULL) return; // append this node to the path array path[pathLen] = node-data; pathLen++; // its a leaf, so print the path that led to here if (node-left==NULL node-right==NULL) { printArray(path, pathLen); } else { // otherwise try both subtrees printPathsRecur(node-left, path, pathLen); printPathsRecur(node-right, path, pathLen); } } // Utility that prints out an array on a line. oid printArray(int ints[], int len) { int i; for (i=0; ileft); mirror(node-right); // swap the pointers in this node temp = node-left; node-left = node-right; node-right = temp; } } 10. doubleTree() Solution (C/C++) /* For each node in a binary search tree, create a new duplicate node, and insert the duplicate as the left child of the original node. The resulting tree should still be a binary search tree. So the tree 2 / https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 15 1 3 Is changed to / 2 3 / / 1 3 / 1 */ void doubleTree(struct node* node) { struct node* oldLeft; if (node==NULL) return; // do the subtrees doubleTree(node-left); doubleTree(node-right); // duplicate this node to its left oldLeft = node-left; node-left = newNode(node-data); node-left-left = oldLeft; } 11. sameTree() Solution (C/C++) /* Given two trees, return true if they are structurally identical. */ int sameTree(struct node* a, struct node* b) { // 1. both empty - true if (a==NULL b==NULL) return(true); // 2. oth non-empty - compare them else if (a! =NULL b! =NULL) { return( a-data == b-data sameTree(a-left, b-left) sameTree(a-right, b-right) ); } // 3. one empty, one not - false else return(false); } 12. countTrees() Solution (C/C++) /* For the key values 1 numKeys, how many structurally unique https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 16 binary search trees are p ossible that store those keys. Strategy: consider that each value could be the root. Recursively find the size of the left and right subtrees. */ int countTrees(int numKeys) { if (numKeys left! =NULL minValue(node-left) node-data) return(false); // false if the max of the right is right! =NULL maxValue(node-right) data) return(false); // false if, recursively, the left or right is not a BST if (! isBST(node-left) || !isBST(node-right)) return(false); // passing all that, its a BST return(true); } https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 17 4. isBST2() Solution (C/C++) /* Returns true if the given tree is a binary search tree (efficient version). */ int isBST2(struct node* node) { return(isBSTUtil(node, INT_MIN, INT_MAX)); } /* Returns true if the given tree is a BST and its values are = min and datadatamax) return(false); // otherwise check the subtrees recursively, // tightening the min or max constraint return isBSTUtil(node-left, min, node- data) isBSTUtil(node-right, node-data+1, max) ); } 15. TreeList Solution (C/C++) The solution code in C and Java to the great Tree-List recursion problem is in CSLibrary #109 https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/109/ Section 4 Java Binary Trees and Solutions In Java, the key points in the recursion are exactly the same as in C or C++. In fact, I created the Java solutions by just copying the C solutions, and then making the syntactic changes. The recursion is the same, however the outer structure is slightly different. In Java, we will have a BinaryTree object that contains a single root pointer. The root pointer points to an internal Node class that behaves just like the node struct in the C/C++ version. The Node class is private it is used only for internal storage inside the BinaryTree and is not exposed to clients. With this OOP structure, almost every operation has two methods: a one-line method on the BinaryTree that starts the computation, and a recursive method that wor ks on the Node objects. For the lookup() operation, there is a BinaryTree. lookup() method that the client uses to start a lookup operation. Internal to the BinaryTree class, there is a private recursive lookup(Node) method that implements the recursion down the Node structure. This second, private recursive method is basically the same as the recursive C/C++ functions above it takes a Node argument and uses recursion to iterate over the pointer structure. Java Binary Tree Structure To get started, here are the basic definitions for the Java BinaryTree class, and the lookup() and insert() methods as examples https://cslibrary. stanford. edu/110/ BinaryTrees. html Binary Trees Page: 18 // BinaryTree. ava public class BinaryTree { // Root node pointer. Will be null for an empty tree. private Node root; /* Node-The binary tree is built using this nested node class. Each node stores one data element, and has left and right sub-tree pointer which may be null. The node is a dumb neste d class we just use it for storage; it does not have any methods. */ private static class Node { Node left; Node right; int data; Node(int newData) { left = null; right = null; data = newData; } } /** Creates an empty binary tree a null root pointer. / public void BinaryTree() { root = null; } /** Returns true if the given target is in the binary tree. Uses a recursive helper. */ public boolean lookup(int data) { return(lookup(root, data)); } /** Recursive lookup given a node, recur down searching for the given data. */ private boolean lookup(Node node, int data) { if (node==null) { return(false); } if (data==node. data) { return(true); } else if (data false else return(false); } 12. countTrees() Solution (Java)